tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-277203042024-03-05T20:28:53.813-08:00CultureplacesThis blog ("weblog") which goes back to Nov. 2005 is more an online scrapbook of essays and quotes from others. Known historically as a "commonplace book", it serves as a repository for whatever I consider useful information along a common theme which I call "cultureplaces". The various excerpts that contain research findings and journalistic commentary also inform the interaction of values and our genetic heritage discussed occasionally among a small group of culterati in the Bay Area. Tom Merlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09948201337303721158noreply@blogger.comBlogger264125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27720304.post-9058295178296375452022-11-08T10:24:00.000-08:002022-11-08T10:24:34.819-08:00Cultureplaces<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Insights into <i>Cultureplaces</i></span><i><span style="background: white; color: #595959; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><span style="background: white; color: #595959; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">provide
meaning, significance and purpose which contribute to our happiness.</span><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Observations that we accumulate not through
“knowing more and more about less and less,” as scholars do, but just by living
a cosmopolitan life in the Bay Area. These intellectual perambulations equip us
to form opinions that deserve to be explored by others who share an interest in
the deeper significance of events. </span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">We
emphasize dialogue among participants of our salon not passively watching
lectures or panel exchanges. As the great polymath Sir David McKay wrote in his
book on sustainable energy<i> Without Hot Air, </i>"Convictions are
stronger if they are self-generated, rather than taught" </span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;"><br />
</span><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;"><br />
</span><b><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rafting the Cultural Currents of the New
Millennium<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p><b><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;"><br />
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"To enter the current of this poem is to hurtle
downstream through history on a flood of eloquent and passionate language that
is in turn philosophic, satiric, tender, angry, ironic, sensuous, and, above
all, elegiac.”</span></i><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>~Yale’s
</span></i><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Helen Vendler on “A Treatise on Poetry” by
Czeslaw Milos <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rather
than try to tackle complex national and international issues and institutions
that affect the entire U.S., we concentrate on place-based trends and research
that more directly reflect our everyday experiences in our own neighborhoods,
workplaces, and other closer connections. We seek to grapple with ideas that
stem from and have immediate implications for our personal ties and
intellectual enjoyment. We deal with those grassroots issues not to influence
public policy or resolve differences but to gain an understanding of the way of
the world-- in order to sort out the chaos and thereby increase our pleasure.</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">We start from the
premise that changing the body politic at the state and national level is
becoming increasingly difficult for citizens of the 21st century in the way
that the power structure was able to do at the start of the 20th century, when
American Progressivism was imbued with a strong reformist optimism. “I propose
that we lead” declared Edward Adams in the paper delivered at the
organizational dinner of the Commonwealth Club of California in 1907. That
determination has long since been replaced by anger or apathy, cynicism or
irony. Were it not otherwise, the Commonwealth Club would still be engaged in
“public service” i.e. attempting through their long standing “Study Sections”
to help shape California laws and regulations. Now only specialists attached to
policy institutes and politicians’ offices can comprehend such complicated
issues, not to mention offsetting the power of money.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">We therefore put
aside debates over broad public policy matters such as “the media”, health
care, diplomacy, climate change, and immigration policies that require a level
of expertise that defeats all but the most determined policy wonk. Or they
happen in our everyday interactions but devolve into heated rants. That said,
however, certain patterns of actions associated with racial, gender, and
employment relations, for instance, have various impacts affecting human
activity around the world including strong influence over our own daily lives.
These human tendencies, we believe, can best be examined as they emerge in
particular contexts which we call <i>Cultureplaces.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">By culture we
mean the normative order, grounded and manifested in specific places, explained
by the behavioral sciences, and illuminated and animated by the arts and
humanities, which allows us to comprehend ourselves, others, and the world
around us, and through which we make sense of our experience.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;"> We probe what is often bcalled
the <i>Human Condition</i> with an emphasis on societal trends and artistic
expressions that we experience in our own lives and provide texture and insight
leading to pleasure. In short, culture is shared meaning.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">For places of
culture to be more than <i>divertissement</i>s, they must be pertinent to the
formation of our values and bonds of friendship, what has come to be referred
to among academics as adding to our “social capital”. Social capital is the
aggregate of the actual or potential resources which are linked to a durable
network of relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition – or in other
words, to involvement in a closeknit group.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_13"
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<p><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">One of the most
prominent figures in this field, Harvard professor Robert Putnam, has described
social capital as: “…features of social life – networks, norms, and trust –
that enable participants ... to pursue shared objectives…" Having fewer
social relationships to lean on will have implications for boomers’ quality of
life. As Putnam notes, “[s]ocial isolation is widely recognized as a strong
predictor of morbidity and mortality, especially among the elderly.” That said,
however, we also accept that perspectives will vary. We expect and encourage differing
opinions. But there is a commonality of rules of engagement--ways of behaving
in our exchanges.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">Insights into <i>Cultureplaces</i>
provide understanding significance and purpose which contributes to our
happiness. Observations that we accumulate not through “knowing more and more
about less and less,” but just by living a cosmopolitan life in the Bay Area
equips us to form opinions that deserve to be explored by others who share an
interest in the deeper significance of events and related information.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">We emphasize
dialogue among participants of our salon not passively listening to lectures or
panel exchanges. As the great polymath Sir David McKay wrote in his book on
sustainable energy Without Hot Air, "Convictions are stronger if they are
self-generated, rather than taught"<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">Clearly, one’s
genes as well as class, gender, age, race, sexual orientation and the numerous
other distinctions that seem so wrapped up in our identity these days, lead to
our personal points of view. The <i>Cultureplaces Salon</i> provides more
opportunities to compare these views on the ramifications of the changing
social landscape constrained or enhanced by our biological influences.
(nurture/nature) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">We have found
that understanding the implications of our experiences emerges best through
discourse, not absorbing more information. All that is required is a curious
and probing mind and the capacity for dialogue (attributes that are too often
missing in conversations around the water cooler or at the dinner table). And while
we may wrestle with weighty matters that can ignite strong emotions, we want to
be able to treat them playfully and with a disinterested passion for clarity
that avoids partisanship, <i>ad hominem</i> arguments, grandstanding, or ax
grinding. Such a mental exercise results in pleasure and reduces the pain of
confusion and discord that too many conversations devolve into.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_11" o:spid="_x0000_i1030"
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<p><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">This
conversational skill is not easily acquired. <i>Cultureplaces Salonistas</i>
have demonstrated that they have the wherewithal to participate in our
roundtables.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">We avoid the
“sage on the stage" format. Instead a presenter might offer some
preliminary remarks to launch our exploration and then serves as a kind of
“river guide” to keep the discussion on course.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">For a few of our
discussion programs, we invite someone, often an advocate or practitioner
involved in some aspect of an issue, to join us as a resource person. In most
other get-togethers we utilize an author's talk, movie, play, article, podcast
or video found on the Internet to spark our discussions. TED itself has finally
launched <i>TEDxSalons</i> which allow attendees to discuss a <i>TEDxTalk</i>
face to face, though most TEDx sites treat <i>TEDx Salons</i> as briefer
versions of <i>TEDx</i> gatherings. The administrator may send out a list of
some timely articles or upcoming 3rd party activities, like a talk at the
Commonwealth Club, as a potential springboard to provide focus, which are then
voted on via the Internet. Alternatively, we may select a topic at the start of
our gathering.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">Diversity has
become the holy grail of our times. but we consider that diverse groups can
either add to or reduce the enjoyment of our get-togethers. Clearly political
differences, thanks to our President, have grown more acrimonious making good
conversation ever more elusive.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">It is a truism
that people prefer to associate with others like themselves. Except for some
fraternal and religious organizations, both membership in affinity groups and
trust have declined, coinciding with increases in immigration and the rise of
ethnic, racial, and gender distinctions. This decline in group memberships is
mostly explained by one variable: greater heterogeneity. In place of
traditional organizations, more and more people have constructed silos of
ideological homogeneity which have become echo chambers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">History and Culture<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">A community,
region or nation’s social capital is stable over time when one looks at the
large regional differences in social capital across the USA today which tend to
correspond fairly closely to the differences in social capital among the
nations from which the ancestors of today’s Americans came.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">For example, the
area around Minneapolis and St. Paul – the area of highest social capital in
the USA – was populated with Scandinavians. Something has persisted over more
than five generations, and separated by thousands of miles and different
political structures, to explain why both the residents of Minnesota and the
Scandinavian nations today remain so connected and trusting. This continuity is
recently threatened by the immigration of Somalis into the Minneapolis region;
and accounts for the rise of right leaning parties throughout Scandinavia and other
European countries<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Ethnic and Social Heterogeneity<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">There is
considerable evidence that social and ethnic heterogeneity is associated with
lower levels of social capital, not only between groups but within them. Data indicate
that this may be one of the most powerful explanations of local and regional
variations in social capital.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">This finding is
difficult to interpret. After all, the bridging among groups that eventually
reduces long-term conflict cannot easily occur if we lack empathy. What really
needs to be established is what factors facilitate the growth of social capital
in contexts where the starting point is characterized by strong ethnic and
social fissures but which hold out the possibility of an enriched community; acculturation
not just assimilation. In other words, how do we go beyond the alienation that
led to Trumpism.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">One of our goals
is to encourage more participation of those who may have stayed on the sidelines
but possess the educated qualities that would enhance our dialogues. We want to
invite them to our intellectual gatherings where all participants can bring
their own unique ideas and questions to the table.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Clearly, one’s genes as well as class, gender, age, race,
sexual orientation and the numerous other distinctions that seem so wrapped up
in our identity these days, lead to our personal points of view. The <i>CulturePlaces
Salon</i> provides more opportunities to compare these views on the
ramifications of the changing social landscape constrained or enhanced by our
biological influences. (Nurture/nature).</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
We have found that understanding the implications of our experiences emerge
best through discourse, not absorbing more information. All that is required is
a curious and probing mind and the capacity for dialogue (attributes that are
too often missing in conversations around the water cooler or at the dinner
table). And while we may wrestle with weighty matters that can ignite strong
emotions, we want to be able to treat them playfully and with a disinterested
passion for clarity that avoids partisanship, <i>ad hominem</i> arguments,
grandstanding, or ax grinding. Such a mental exercise results in pleasure
and reduces the pain of confusion and discord that too many conversations can
devolve into.</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_4"
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o:title="Image result for round table discussions"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Image result for round table discussions" border="0" height="221" src="file:///C:/Users/owner/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/03/clip_image009.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4" width="400" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This conversational skill is not easily acquired. <i>CulturePlaces
Salonistas</i> have demonstrated that they have the wherewithal to participate
in our round tables.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">For
a few of our discussion programs, we invite someone, often an advocate or
practitioner involved in some aspect of an issue, to join us as a resource
person. This individual doesn't give a presentation, like a TED Talk, looking
down on the audience as the "sage on the stage", but instead offers
some preliminary remarks to launch our exploration and then serves as a kind of
“river guide” to keep the discussion on course.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In most other get-togethers we utilize an author's
talk, movie, play, article, podcast or video found on the Internet to
spark our discussions. TED itself has finally launched </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://www.ted.com/participate/organize-a-local-tedx-event/before-you-start/event-types/salon-event"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TEDxSalons</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> which allow attendees to discuss a TEDxTalk face to face,
though most TEDx sites treat TEDxSalons as briefer versions of TEDx </span><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">gatherings</span><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">. The administrator may send out a list of some timely
articles or upcoming third party activities, like a talk at the Commonwealth
Club, as a potential springboard to provide focus, which are then voted on via
the Internet. Alternatively, we may select a topic at our meetup.</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Threat and Promise of Diversity</span></b><b><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-collapsed-heading: yes; mso-outline-level: 2;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diversity
has become the holy grail of our times. but we consider that <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diverse groups can either add to or reduce the
enjoyment of our get-<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">togethers. Clearly political differences,
thanks to our President, have grown more acrimonious making good conversation
ever more elusive.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is a
truism that people prefer to be with others like themselves. With the
exception of fraternal and religious organizations, both membership in affinity
groups and trust have declined, coinciding with increases in immigration and
the rise of ethnic, racial, and gender distinctions. This decline in group
memberships is mostly explained by one variable: greater heterogeneity. In
place of traditional organizations, more and more people have constructed silos
of ideological homogeneity which have become echo chambers.</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Demographics<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A
community, region or nation’s social capital is stable over time when one looks
at the large regional differences in social capital across the USA today which
tend to correspond fairly closely to the differences in social capital among
the nations from which the ancestors of today’s Americans came.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For
example, the area around Minneapolis and St. Paul – the area of highest social
capital in the USA – was populated mostly by Scandinavians. Something has
persisted over more than five generations, and separated by thousands of miles
and different political structures, to explain why both the residents of
Minnesota and the Scandinavian nations today remain so connected and trusting.
This continuity is recently threatened by the immigration of Somalis into the
Minneapolis <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">region.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ethnic and Social Heterogeneity<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There is considerable evidence that social and ethnic
heterogeneity is associated with lower levels of social capital, not only
between groups but within them. Data suggest that this may be one of the most
powerful explanations of local and regional variations in social capital.</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
This finding is difficult to interpret. After all, the bridging among groups
that eventually reduces long-term conflict cannot easily occur if we lack
empathy. What really needs to be established is what factors facilitate the
growth of social capital in contexts where the starting point is characterized
by strong ethnic and social fissures but which hold out the possibility of an
enriched community. In other words, how do we go beyond the alienation
that led to "Trumpism".</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One of our goals is to encourage more participation of those
who may have stayed on the sidelines but possess the educated qualities that
would enhance our dialogues. We want to invite them to our intellectual
potlucks where all participants can bring their own unique ideas and questions
to the table.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #212121; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ADDENDUM </span></b><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Throughout human history, people have tended to live and die
in the same place, or at least the same region, in which they're born.<i> Place</i>
is an important part of one's identity.</span><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_7" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="People sitting at tables under umbrellas Description automatically generated with medium confidence"
style='width:300pt;height:225pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/owner/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/03/clip_image010.jpg"
o:title="People sitting at tables under umbrellas Description automatically generated with medium confidence"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="People sitting at tables under umbrellas
Description automatically generated with medium confidence" border="0" height="300" src="file:///C:/Users/owner/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/03/clip_image011.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_7" width="400" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Recently,
we joined </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="http://philosophytalk.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Philosophy Talk</span></a></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">'s John Perry and KenTaylor
in Berkeley whose guest was India born UC Berkeley English Professor </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396678/Bharati-Mukherjee"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bharati Mukherjee,</span></a></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> author
of <i>Miss New India</i> and other novels exploring migration, </span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="A person speaking into a microphone Description automatically generated"
style='position:absolute;margin-left:5.25pt;margin-top:26.65pt;width:196.4pt;
height:254.8pt;z-index:251659264;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square;
mso-width-percent:0;mso-height-percent:0;mso-wrap-distance-left:9pt;
mso-wrap-distance-top:0;mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt;
mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;mso-position-horizontal:absolute;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:margin;mso-position-vertical:absolute;
mso-position-vertical-relative:text;mso-width-percent:0;mso-height-percent:0;
mso-width-relative:margin;mso-height-relative:margin'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/owner/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/03/clip_image012.jpg"
o:title="A person speaking into a microphone Description automatically generated"/>
<w:wrap type="square" anchorx="margin"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img align="left" alt="A person speaking into a microphone
Description automatically generated" height="340" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/Users/owner/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/03/clip_image013.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_2" width="262" /><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">alienation, and identity. Afterwards, we
walked over to the Jupiter restaurant for THE MAIN EVENT--our
discussion--accompanied by pizza (voted best in the East Bay) and some
brewskis. We broke into smaller groups so all could participate and hear
each other.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What
psychological effects must many immigrants, exiles, and expatriates endure? Do
we risk losing an important part of human life? Or do we gain freedom from the
lottery of birth and assimilate into an unfamiliar environment<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The ethnic and racial diversity were both irrelevant and
advantageous for enhancing our discussion because of a diversity of experience.
</span><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #666666; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Miss New India</span></i><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (2011), in which Anjali leaves her
traditional family in Bihar and moves to Bangalore. A woman determinedly
pursuing personal happiness is a revolutionary – a threatening concept for her
traditional parents.”</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Another
Facet of our Salon<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On
several occasions we combined our discussion with the rating and ranking of a
select group of wines, resembling a co-ed ancient Greek symposium without the
inebriation. Click on this</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://www.meetup.com/sfbrainiacs/events/225153052/"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> link</span></a></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> for a
description of a vino taste-off and conversation focusing on a presentation by
SF Chronicle's urbqan design critic John King.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">wsj<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_9" o:spid="_x0000_i1027"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:355.5pt;height:177.75pt;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square'>
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o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="237" src="file:///C:/Users/owner/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/03/clip_image015.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_9" width="474" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For several
group gatherings we incorporated a wine component in the form of a mini
people's choice wine taste-off. This added dimension reflects our populist
times as well as my own anti-expert bias.</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We
assessed a mixed case of wines--the kind with a more attractive Qualilty Price
Ratio (QPR) that you would have with Tuesday dinner at home. They come
from nonNapa appellations for obvious reasons of cost.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We
share the perspective of Fred Franzia, who championed affordable wine and fathered
“Two Buck Chuck” telling a group of journalists: “no wine should cost more than
$10 including wines from Napa” In the future, we will also judge Napa vino
which are normally offered for sale at a much higher price</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> with only a few
exceptions. We’ll see if Fred was right<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_i1026"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="A group of people sitting at a table outside Description automatically generated with medium confidence"
style='width:399.75pt;height:300pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/owner/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/03/clip_image016.jpg"
o:title="A group of people sitting at a table outside Description automatically generated with medium confidence"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="A group of people sitting at a table outside
Description automatically generated with medium confidence" border="0" height="400" src="file:///C:/Users/owner/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/03/clip_image017.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_3" width="533" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Our culture evolves around the acquisition of material
goods, and that turns out to be a pretty dissatisfying pursuit. It is very
important for people to have meaning and purpose in their lives and connection
to other humans.”</span></i><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-Dr Dan Shapiro who defeated
cancer and counsels other patients, in <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>conversation
with Jane Brody, New York Times</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For
another event we considered the following questions raised by the Oscars.
After the questions I have listed some links that provided more
background..</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fully
two-thirds of white voters without college degrees voted for Donald </span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Trump</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, as
did over 80 percent of white evangelicals. Are we locked in class
warfare? Will the election season ever really end?</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Do we
live in a bubble producing a generation of liberals and progressives
narcissistically unaware of conditions outside their self-defined groups, and indifferent
to the task of reaching out to Americans in every walk of life as the Oscars
proclaimed?</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Can
there be assimilation without resorting to a “whitelash” in Van Jones term, or
“whitewash?<br />
<br />
Can we achieve creating a sense of being in this together going beyond group
identities or are we speaking different languages?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How do
we bridge the chasm between classes and education levels?</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At the
Oscars it was mentioned that women do it better-- Opposing without hatred.
Might this lead to a bias against women because, on average, they
are less combative than men?</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Do you
agree that women approach the world differently?</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Do
those who argue for differences in gender and race deserve to be
challenged or are these differences a starting point?</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://bostonreview.net/forum/logic-misogyny/christina-hoff-sommers-christina-hoff-sommers-responds-kate-manne"><span style="color: #c95b59; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Christina Hoff
Sommers recently defended herself</span></a> against charges of misogyny
and sexism for emphasizing how small average differences between the sexes at
the ends of Bell Curve might lead to substantial differences in career choices
and social interests.</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Should
Lawrence Sommers, a tireless advocate for equal treatment of women, be
considered a sexist and fired as President of Harvard for asserting that
men seem to have a greater capacity for doing advanced mathematics?</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Should
we accept that men and women are different in some of their proclivities in part
because of <a href="http://amzn.to/2hPXvBn"><span style="color: #c95b59; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">evolutionary pressures that shaped
those differences in our species</span></a>?</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We know
that <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/may/03/universities-subject-gender-imbalance-maths-physics-engineering-science"><span style="color: #c95b59; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">STEM majors at
elite universities are far more often men than women</span></a>;
conversely <a href="http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2016/06/20/as-low-skilled-jobs-disappear-men-drop-out-of-the-workforce/"><span style="color: #c95b59; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">low-skilled men
are becoming less employable than women, and are dropping out of the workforce
at higher rates</span></a> in industrialized countries ? Any
suggestions for improving these trends beside GE’s committment to adding 20,000
more women to their tech labor force. Or Hyatt’s “Love Sweet Love”</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Do you
agree with this quote from Steven Pinker: ”The desire to work with people
versus things. There is an enormous average difference between women and men in
this dimension…And this difference in interests will tend to cause people to
gravitate in slightly different directions in their choice of career. The
occupation that fits best with the “people” end of the continuum is “director
of a community services organization.” The occupations that fit best with the
“things” end are physicist, chemist, mathematician, computer programmer, and
biologist.</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Should
we encourage people to sort themselves into college majors and job occupations
that they’re reasonably good at and enjoy doing.</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Is
upholding orthodox Christian views of marriage and human sexuality not an act
of hate? Is not expressing concern about the effect of large-scale immigration
on wages and job opportunities an act of racism? </span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">------------------------------------------------------</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Homeplay"
Assignment:</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><i><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
titles below are also links that will take you to several short essays on our
theme of 'isms' .</span></i><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/20/opinion/sunday/the-end-of-identity-liberalism.html"><span style="color: #c95b59; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">The End of
Identity Liberalism</span></a> </span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How
should this diversity shape our politics? The standard liberal answer for
nearly a generation now has been that we should become aware of and “celebrate”
our differences. Which is a splendid principle of moral pedagogy — but
disastrous as a foundation for democratic politics in our ideological age. In
recent years American liberalism has slipped into a kind of moral panic about
racial, gender and sexual identity that has distorted liberalism’s message and
prevented it from becoming a unifying force capable of governing.<i>[click on
the title to access the rest of the piece</i>]</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://quillette.com/2016/12/20/what-is-a-sexist/"><span style="color: #c95b59; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">What is a sexist</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Like
“racist”, the definition of “sexist” seems to have ballooned in such a way as
to include any claim about average differences between males and females from
the neck up. Some feminists, in particular, fear that assertions about
differences between men and women threaten the social progress we’ve made over
the past few centuries. Perhaps they have a point (as we discuss below). But we
should consider whether such an expansive definition of sexism is helpful, or
whether it actually represents a hindrance to moral progress. </span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[<i>click
on the title to access the rest of the piece</i>]</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/12/13/504968772/wonder-womans-u-n-job-comes-to-an-end"><span style="color: #c95b59; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Is Wonder Woman being Forced into Early Retirement</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It's
come to light this week that the comic superhero's controversial tenure as the
United Nations' honorary ambassador for the empowerment of women and girls will
be coming to a close this Friday.</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">That's
less than two months since <a href="http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/10/20/498569053/is-wonder-woman-suited-to-be-a-u-n-ambassador"><span style="color: #c95b59; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">the character
was unveiled</span></a> as the face of a <a href="https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wonderwoman/"><span style="color: #c95b59; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">U.N. social
media campaign</span></a> to promote women's rights via tweets and
facebook callouts. The decision sparked protests both in and out of the
organization, with nearly 45,000 people ultimately signing <a href="http://www.thepetitionsite.com/741/288/432/reconsider-the-choice-of-honorary-ambassador-for-the-empowerment-of-women-and-girls/"><span style="color: #c95b59; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">an online
petition</span></a> that called the choice of a fictional character with
"an overtly sexualized image" to represent gender equality
"alarming" and "extremely disappointing."</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://quillette.com/2016/11/21/what-is-a-racist-why-moral-progress-hinges-on-getting-the-answer-right/"><span style="color: #c95b59; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">What is a Racist? Why Moral Progress Hinges on Getting the
Answer Right</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
charge of “racist” represents a scalpel that has been <a href="http://bleedingheartlibertarians.com/2016/09/racist-lost-sting/"><span style="color: #c95b59; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">substantially
dulled</span></a> in recent years. The result is an inability to cut
cleanly around the cancerous tissue of racism. <a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/07/27/antiracism-our-flawed-new-religion.html"><span style="color: #c95b59; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">The term has
been co-opted by well-meaning social justice advocates</span></a>, and is no
longer reserved for people who treat members of other groups as inherently
inferior to members of their own group. Nor is it used to identify people who
fail to treat members of other groups as the individuals that they are.
Instead, “racist” is casually hurled at anyone who expresses ideas that have
been emblazoned on an intellectual “no-fly list.”[<i>click on the title to
access the rest of the piece</i>]</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/11/23/is-criticism-of-identity-politics-racist-or-long-overdue/progressive-orthodoxy-narrows-choices-and-minds"><span style="color: #c95b59; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Progressive Orthodoxy Narrows Choices and Minds</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAVID
FRENCH, NATIONAL REVIEW</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Millions
of Americans are furious with the scolding progressive impulse that’s branded
“political correctness.”</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/11/23/is-criticism-of-identity-politics-racist-or-long-overdue/identity-politics-address-real-problems-of-discrimination"><span style="color: #c95b59; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">‘Identity Politics’ Address Real Problems of
Discrimination</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">IMANI
PERRY, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We have
a long history of responding to the suffering of “working class whites” by
maintaining their status above others.</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/11/23/is-criticism-of-identity-politics-racist-or-long-overdue/political-correctness-reflects-crises-more-than-it-causes-them"><span style="color: #c95b59; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Political Correctness Reflects Crises More Than It Causes
Them</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">JIM
SLEEPER, YALE UNIVERSITY</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Legitimate
criticism of overreactions to racism needs to account for other real concerns
that have angered and frightened some groups.</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/11/23/is-criticism-of-identity-politics-racist-or-long-overdue/declining-status-leads-to-resentment-of-political-correctness"><span style="color: #c95b59; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Declining Status Leads to Resentment of P.C.</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ROBB
WILLER, STANFORD UNIVERSTIY</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Even
people who harbor consciously negative views of minority groups rarely see
themselves as racist.</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/11/23/is-criticism-of-identity-politics-racist-or-long-overdue/an-identity-politics-where-victims-vanquish-others"><span style="color: #c95b59; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">An Identity Politics Where ‘Victims’ Vanquish Others</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MICHELLE
GARCIA, DIRECTOR, "AGAINST MEXICO"</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A
culture of siege produces victims, and victims will sacrifice anything for
their survival, even democracy itself.</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: 21.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><a name="comments"></a><b><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Comments<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3;"><a name="comment-form"></a><b><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Popular posts from this blog<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span style="color: #212121; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://cultureplaces.blogspot.com/2008/03/bioecological-model.html"><span style="color: #212121; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">The
bioecological model</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- <a href="https://cultureplaces.blogspot.com/2008/03/bioecological-model.html" title="permanent link"><span style="color: #2196f3;">March 19, 2008</span></a></span></i><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://cultureplaces.blogspot.com/2008/03/bioecological-model.html"><span style="color: #2196f3; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_15"
o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Image"
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: 18.0pt;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">An email sent to Kristin
Jacobson, Assistant Professor, University of Chicago Medical School Dear Prof.
Jacobson, I was just leafing through my University of Chicago Magazine this
evening when I came across the article summarized<o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p></p>Tom Merlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09948201337303721158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27720304.post-67174514975041889252022-10-31T12:05:00.007-07:002022-10-31T23:35:32.722-07:00Cancel Culture Comes to Science<div class="article-header css-u1dda4 e105m3c32" style="box-sizing: border-box; grid-area: article-header / article-header / article-header / article-header; margin-bottom: 25px; margin-top: 10px;"><div class="css-1rlknzd e1of74uw7" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px;"><h2 class="css-mosdo-Dek-Dek e1jnru6p0" style="--headline-font-color: var(--primary-text-color); --headline-link-hover-color: var(--color-blue); box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--secondary-text-color); font-family: var(--typography-subheading-standard-m-font-family); font-size: var(--typography-subheading-standard-m-font-size); font-weight: var(--typography-subheading-standard-m-font-weight); line-height: var(--typography-subheading-standard-m-line-height); margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal;">A scholar with an agenda targets as ‘dangerous’ </span></h2><h2 class="css-mosdo-Dek-Dek e1jnru6p0" style="--headline-font-color: var(--primary-text-color); --headline-link-hover-color: var(--color-blue); box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--secondary-text-color); font-family: var(--typography-subheading-standard-m-font-family); font-size: var(--typography-subheading-standard-m-font-size); font-weight: var(--typography-subheading-standard-m-font-weight); line-height: var(--typography-subheading-standard-m-line-height); margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal;">our conference on filtering out faulty research.</span></h2><h2 class="css-mosdo-Dek-Dek e1jnru6p0" style="--headline-font-color: var(--primary-text-color); --headline-link-hover-color: var(--color-blue); box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--secondary-text-color); font-family: var(--typography-subheading-standard-m-font-family); font-size: var(--typography-subheading-standard-m-font-size); font-weight: var(--typography-subheading-standard-m-font-weight); line-height: var(--typography-subheading-standard-m-line-height); margin: 0px;"><br /></h2><h2 class="css-mosdo-Dek-Dek e1jnru6p0" style="--headline-font-color: var(--primary-text-color); --headline-link-hover-color: var(--color-blue); box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--secondary-text-color); font-family: var(--typography-subheading-standard-m-font-family); font-size: var(--typography-subheading-standard-m-font-size); font-weight: var(--typography-subheading-standard-m-font-weight); line-height: var(--typography-subheading-standard-m-line-height); margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">By <span class="css-1oyikuz-AuthorContainer e1575iv83" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="css-5yr7r5-PlainByline e10pnb9y1" face="var(--font-font-stack-retina-narrow)" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: 22px;">Peter W. Wood</span></span></span></h2><h2 class="css-mosdo-Dek-Dek e1jnru6p0" style="--headline-font-color: var(--primary-text-color); --headline-link-hover-color: var(--color-blue); box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--secondary-text-color); font-family: var(--typography-subheading-standard-m-font-family); font-size: var(--typography-subheading-standard-m-font-size); font-weight: var(--typography-subheading-standard-m-font-weight); line-height: var(--typography-subheading-standard-m-line-height); margin: 0px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Jan. 12, 2020 5:22 pm ET</span></span></h2></div></div><article class="css-dpopmu e105m3c33" style="box-sizing: border-box; grid-area: article-body / article-body / article-body / article-body;"><div class="crawler css-symnra e1jyplj20" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><div class="article-body-tools css-n1kqv1-Box e1vnmyci0" data-block="doNotPrint" display="flex" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(235, 235, 235); 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box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline-flex; font-family: var(--font-font-stack-retina-narrow); font-weight: var(--font-weight-regular); text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="show-count css-14nn0y-StyledText-StyledText-StyledText-StyledText e1bk6o7b3" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: auto; padding: 0px 5px;">598</span><svg class="css-1vp20o1-GoToCommentsButtonIcon-GoToCommentsButtonIcon-GoToCommentsButtonIcon-GoToCommentsButtonIcon e1bk6o7b1" height="24" style="font-size: 12px;" width="24" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><defs><path d="M20 3a2 2 0 012 2v11.21a2 2 0 01-2 2h-8.518L7.085 22H6.014v-3.79H4a2 2 0 01-2-2V5a2 2 0 012-2h16zm0 1H4a1 1 0 00-.993.883L3 5v11.21a1 1 0 00.883.994L4 17.21h3.014v3.529l4.097-3.53H20a1 1 0 00.993-.883L21 16.21V5a1 1 0 00-.883-.993L20 4z" id="comment-stroke-medium_svg__a"></path></defs><use fill-rule="evenodd" fill="#222" xlink:href="#comment-stroke-medium_svg__a"></use></svg></a></div></div><div class="media-layout css-9oedd1-Layout ek23gj80" data-inset_type="" data-layout="header" data-sub_type="" data-type="image" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 22px; position: relative;"><figure class="css-1oar1n1-Figure e338ton0" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;"><img alt="" height="573" loading="eager" sizes="(max-width: 639px) 100vw, (max-width: 979px) 620px, (max-width: 1299px) 540px, 860px" src="https://images.wsj.net/im-143485/?width=860&height=573" srcset="https://images.wsj.net/im-143485/?width=540&size=1.5 540w, https://images.wsj.net/im-143485/?width=620&size=1.5 620w, https://images.wsj.net/im-143485/?width=639&size=1.5 639w, https://images.wsj.net/im-143485/?width=860&size=1.5 860w, https://images.wsj.net/im-143485/?width=860&size=1.5&pixel_ratio=1.5 1290w, https://images.wsj.net/im-143485/?width=860&size=1.5&pixel_ratio=2 1720w, https://images.wsj.net/im-143485/?width=860&size=1.5&pixel_ratio=3 2580w" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 8px; max-width: 100%; width: 421.004px;" width="860" /></figure><figcaption class="css-jw1q2r-FigcaptionItem e1gc07880" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--secondary-text-color); font-family: var(--article-caption-font-family); font-weight: var(--font-weight-light);"><span class="css-7e2iv5-CaptionSpan e27a7vm0" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: calc((14 / var(--article-base-font-size)) * var(--article-text-size-scale) * 1rem); line-height: calc(1.33333); margin-bottom: 4px;"></span><span class="css-g3wtir-Credit e1qrk3ee0" itemprop="creator" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: 14px; line-height: calc(1.42857); text-transform: uppercase;"><span class="css-1i2ud9c-CreditTag e1m3qan30" style="box-sizing: border-box;">PHOTO: </span>DAVID KLEIN</span></figcaption></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 22px; padding-bottom: 5px; text-align: left;"><i>An unhappy side effect of the digital age is “cancel culture.” Anyone with an attitude of moral superiority and a Twitter account can try to shut down an event where opinions he dislikes are likely to be spoken. For several years the National Association of Scholars has inveighed against this infantile form of protest, which undermines free expression of ideas and legitimate debate. Now the cancel caravan has arrived at our door.</i></p><section class="css-1ducvg2-Container e1d75se20" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; width: 421.004px;"><p class="css-xbvutc-Paragraph e3t0jlg0" data-type="paragraph" style="--summary-bullet-small-font-color: var(--primary-text-color); --summary-font-color: var(--secondary-text-color); box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--primary-text-color); font-family: var(--article-font-family); font-size: calc((17 / var(--article-base-font-size)) * var(--article-text-size-scale) * 1rem); font-weight: var(--article-font-weight); line-height: calc(1.58824); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word;">We are holding a conference co-sponsored by the Independent Institute in Oakland, Calif., in early February. It is meant to be an exchange among scholars on the problem of “irreproducibility” in the sciences—fake science or failed science, or something-is-missing science. It’s a big problem these days, but there’s no agreement on what to do about it. Our goal is bring together experts who have diverse and often conflicting views to see if they can come to some agreement about how to improve the situation. The conference is titled Fixing Science: Practical Solutions for the Irreproducibility Crisis.But one scientist, armed with a keyboard and contempt for contrary opinions, has set out to cancel our conference. Leonid Teytelman has busied himself writing to the speakers at the event to warn them away. And he has found fellow censors who agree the conference is “problematic.” Our critic calls us “clever and dangerous.</p><div class="paywall css-1u1nl00-PaywalledContentContainer e1db8bjv0" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p class="css-xbvutc-Paragraph e3t0jlg0" data-type="paragraph" style="--summary-bullet-small-font-color: var(--primary-text-color); --summary-font-color: var(--secondary-text-color); box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--primary-text-color); font-family: var(--article-font-family); font-size: calc((17 / var(--article-base-font-size)) * var(--article-text-size-scale) * 1rem); font-weight: var(--article-font-weight); line-height: calc(1.58824); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word;">”<span style="color: var(--primary-text-color); font-family: var(--article-font-family); font-size: calc((17 / var(--article-base-font-size)) * var(--article-text-size-scale) * 1rem); font-weight: var(--article-font-weight);">How so? Once a Twitterstorm starts, the reasons multiply. Our list of speakers includes no women. (All declined our invitations.) Our initials share three letters with the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine, or Nasem, therefore we are “deceptive.” Wikipedia describes us as a “conservative” organization. We are also accused of “climate denialism,” and of having invited some climate-change skeptics to speak. (Itals added)</span></p><p class="css-xbvutc-Paragraph e3t0jlg0" data-type="paragraph" style="--summary-bullet-small-font-color: var(--primary-text-color); --summary-font-color: var(--secondary-text-color); box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--primary-text-color); font-family: var(--article-font-family); font-size: calc((17 / var(--article-base-font-size)) * var(--article-text-size-scale) * 1rem); font-weight: var(--article-font-weight); line-height: calc(1.58824); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word;">The truth is that we are a traditionalist group of scholars who hold to a rigorous standard of open-mindedness on controversial issues in the sciences. We welcome critiques from anyone who agrees to play by the rules of rational argument, openness and scrupulous use of evidence. That’s clever, I suppose, but dangerous only to those who balk at giving the “other side” a voice. Our Twittering critic sees our conference as a sneaky way to legitimate views that he regards as akin to blasphemy—ironic for a man accusing us of politicizing science.</p><p class="css-xbvutc-Paragraph e3t0jlg0" data-type="paragraph" style="--summary-bullet-small-font-color: var(--primary-text-color); --summary-font-color: var(--secondary-text-color); box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--primary-text-color); font-family: var(--article-font-family); font-size: calc((17 / var(--article-base-font-size)) * var(--article-text-size-scale) * 1rem); font-weight: var(--article-font-weight); line-height: calc(1.58824); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word;">So far, the conferees have held fast. Some of the responses are inspiring. One scientist wrote: “The science fields badly need whatever we can accomplish at this conference in the way of understanding and solving the HUGE problem of irrepro-ducibility.” Another batted away the critic by explaining: “If conservatism means antipathy to post-modernism, identity politics, political orthodoxies, and assaults on Enlightenment values and the Rule of Law, then count me in.”</p><p class="css-xbvutc-Paragraph e3t0jlg0" data-type="paragraph" style="--summary-bullet-small-font-color: var(--primary-text-color); --summary-font-color: var(--secondary-text-color); box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--primary-text-color); font-family: var(--article-font-family); font-size: calc((17 / var(--article-base-font-size)) * var(--article-text-size-scale) * 1rem); font-weight: var(--article-font-weight); line-height: calc(1.58824); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word;">We may lose one or two speakers who are unwilling to defy the mob. We can bear that. The real story here is the degree to which intellectual intolerance and political dogmatism have found a home in the natural sciences. Mr. Teytelman, who holds a doctorate in computational and experimental biology and who works in the area of replication, is someone who does worthy science and deserves to be taken seriously on matters within his competence. But he becomes unhinged at the thought of “conservatives” or “climate skeptics” getting a seat at the table. And he is far from alone.</p><p class="css-xbvutc-Paragraph e3t0jlg0" data-type="paragraph" style="--summary-bullet-small-font-color: var(--primary-text-color); --summary-font-color: var(--secondary-text-color); box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--primary-text-color); font-family: var(--article-font-family); font-size: calc((17 / var(--article-base-font-size)) * var(--article-text-size-scale) * 1rem); font-weight: var(--article-font-weight); line-height: calc(1.58824); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Cancel culture in various forms is taking root in American science and elsewhere. Last July Francis Collins, director of the National Institutes of Health, announced that he would decline invitations to speak on panels at scientific conferences where women are not among the speakers. That idea has spread rapidly, and several organizations have begun to penalize conferences that don’t meet a quota of women. The Third International Brain Stimulation Conference held in Vancouver last February took steps to find additional female neuroscientists, so that six of its 20 featured talks were by women. A software conference scheduled for October in Dresden was canceled for failure to attract female speakers.</p><p class="css-xbvutc-Paragraph e3t0jlg0" data-type="paragraph" style="--summary-bullet-small-font-color: var(--primary-text-color); --summary-font-color: var(--secondary-text-color); box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--primary-text-color); font-family: var(--article-font-family); font-size: calc((17 / var(--article-base-font-size)) * var(--article-text-size-scale) * 1rem); font-weight: var(--article-font-weight); line-height: calc(1.58824); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word;">These may sound like small matters, but they are the drawing board for how science is willingly subjecting itself to the yoke of political orthodoxy. The sex or race of scientists has no bearing on the quality of their work. What does have bearing is the openness of science to vigorous intellectual dispute.</p><p class="css-xbvutc-Paragraph e3t0jlg0" data-type="paragraph" style="--summary-bullet-small-font-color: var(--primary-text-color); --summary-font-color: var(--secondary-text-color); box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--primary-text-color); font-family: var(--article-font-family); font-size: calc((17 / var(--article-base-font-size)) * var(--article-text-size-scale) * 1rem); font-weight: var(--article-font-weight); line-height: calc(1.58824); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Our conference in Oakland—the Twitterstorm notwithstanding—deals with the difficulty the sciences have in recognizing and filtering out faulty research. The effort to cancel it demonstrates the timeliness of the topic. We are under attack by those who would like to maintain groupthink by demonizing dissent and go still further by compromising science in favor of identity politics.</p><p class="css-xbvutc-Paragraph e3t0jlg0" data-type="paragraph" style="--summary-bullet-small-font-color: var(--primary-text-color); --summary-font-color: var(--secondary-text-color); box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--primary-text-color); font-family: var(--article-font-family); font-size: calc((17 / var(--article-base-font-size)) * var(--article-text-size-scale) * 1rem); font-weight: var(--article-font-weight); line-height: calc(1.58824); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><em class="css-i6hrxa-Italic e1i5tkwa0" data-type="emphasis" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Mr. Wood is president of the National Association of Scholars </em></p></div></section><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div aria-label="Conversation" class="css-suo593 e1of74uw15" data-skip-label="Conversation" data-skip-nav-order="2" role="region" style="box-sizing: border-box;" tabindex="-1"><div aria-label="Conversation" id="comments_sector" role="region" style="box-sizing: border-box; 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--spotim-text-color-muted: #373e44; --spotim-text-color-product-header: #373e44; --spotim-text-color-tooltip: #ffffff; --spotim-text-color-x-muted: #7b7f83; --spotim-text-color-xx-muted: #a8abae; --spotim-user-image-font-color: #373e44;"><div class="StylingWrapper__stylignWrapper--11-3-8" style="all: initial;"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></article>Tom Merlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09948201337303721158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27720304.post-80805952308205865342022-10-27T12:09:00.001-07:002022-11-01T21:38:35.665-07:00Amnesty International: Legalize sex workers<p> <span face=""Amnesty Trade Gothic", sans-serif" style="font-size: 18px; text-align: right;">August 14, 2015</span></p><header class="article-header" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Amnesty Trade Gothic", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 16px;"><h1 class="article-title" id="article-title" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #262626; font-family: var(--font-family-secondary); font-size: 2rem; line-height: 1.12; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;">Sex Workers’ Rights are Human Rights</h1></header><article aria-labelledby="article-title" class="article-content" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Amnesty Trade Gothic", sans-serif;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">Sex workers all over the world face a constant risk of abuse. This is not news. Nor is it news that they are an extremely marginalized group of people, frequently forced to live outside the law.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /><br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />No one would be surprised to learn that they face discrimination, beatings, rape and harassment – sometimes on a daily basis – or that they are often denied access to basic health or housing services.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 24px 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">But when word got out that Amnesty International had initiated a <a href="https://www.amnesty.org/policy-on-state-obligations-to-respect-protect-and-fulfil-the-human-rights-of-sex-workers/" rel="noopener" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; transition: color 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_parent" title="RESPECT, PROTECT, AND FULFIL THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF SEX WORKERS">consultation to develop a policy to protect the human rights of sex workers</a>, it was like lighting a touch paper. Journalists and celebrities climbed on the band wagon. Ever-more sensational headlines condemned Amnesty International for advocating for “prostitution as a human right”.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 24px 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">As a global human rights organization, Amnesty International has a responsibility to assess how best to prevent human rights violations. As such, it is right and fitting that we should look at one of the most disadvantaged groups of people in the world, often forced to live outside the law and denied their most basic human rights: sex workers.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 24px 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">We have chosen to advocate for the <a href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/05/amnesty-international-publishes-policy-and-research-on-protection-of-sex-workers-rights/" rel="noopener" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; transition: color 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_parent">decriminalization of all aspects of consensual adult sex</a> – sex work that does not involve coercion, exploitation or abuse. This is based on evidence and the real-life experience of sex workers themselves that criminalization makes them less safe.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 24px 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">We reached this position by consulting a wide array of individuals and groups, including but not limited to: sex workers, survivor and abolitionist groups, HIV agencies, women’s and LGBTI rights activists, Indigenous women’s groups, anti-trafficking groups and leading academics.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 24px 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">We spent more than two years gathering evidence through meetings with hundreds of individuals and organizations. We conducted first-hand research into the lived experience of sex workers under different national and legal contexts.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 24px 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">We would like to claim to be the first to address this issue. But we are not</span><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">. Other groups which support or are calling for the decriminalization of sex work include the World Health Organization, UNAIDS, International Labour Organization, the Global Alliance Against Trafficking in Women, the Global Network of Sex Work Projects, the Global Commission on HIV and the Law, Human Rights Watch, the Open Society Foundations and Anti-Slavery International.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 24px 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">We have at all times committed to address trafficking. <a href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/qa-policy-to-protect-the-human-rights-of-sex-workers/" rel="noopener" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; transition: color 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_parent" title="Q&A: POLICY TO PROTECT THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF SEX WORKERS">Trafficking is an abhorrent abuse</a> of human rights and must be criminalized as a matter of international law. We do not consider a trafficked women who is forced to sell sex to be a ‘sex worker’. She is a trafficked woman and deserves protection as such.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 24px 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">Any foray into the lives of sex workers reveals so many crucial human rights issues that urgently need addressing. How can we reduce the threat of violence to sex workers? What can be done to ensure their access to medical care and help prevent HIV? And how can discrimination and social marginalization that put sex workers at increased risk of abuse be stopped? These questions about health, safety and equality under the law, are more important than any moral objection to the nature of sex work.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 24px 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">To be clear, <a href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/qa-policy-to-protect-the-human-rights-of-sex-workers/" rel="noopener" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; transition: color 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_parent" title="Q&A: POLICY TO PROTECT THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF SEX WORKERS">our policy is not about protecting “pimps”</a>. Amnesty International firmly believes that those who exploit or abuse sex workers must be criminalized. But the reality is laws which criminalize ‘brothel-keeping’ and ‘promotion’ often lead to sex workers being arrested and prosecuted themselves. In Norway we found evidence that sex workers were routinely evicted from their homes under so-called ‘pimping laws’. In many countries of the world, two sex workers working together for safety is considered a ‘brothel’.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 24px 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">What we want is a refocussing of laws to tackle acts of exploitation, abuse and trafficking – rather than catch-all offences that only criminalize and endanger sex workers. </span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 24px 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">You cannot enter this debate without recognising that it is often women and men who live on the outskirts of society who are forced into sex work. It may be their only way to earn a living. Decriminalizing their work does not mean condoning a world which leads them onto the streets. We want them to enjoy all of their human rights and we will continue to fight for a world where that is possible.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 24px 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">We must not turn away from people like the woman in Papua New Guinea who told us about the time she tried to report abuse by a client to the police only to be told that they did not want to “waste time” on sex workers. Nor should we ignore what happens in Hong Kong where the police are allowed to receive ‘sexual services’ from sex workers in order to collect evidence.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 24px 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">It was clear from the start that this was not going to be easy. Any position inevitably leads to stormy waters. But we hope the intense debate we have sparked – in the media and beyond – will ultimately help lead to the better protection of sex workers. </span></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #262626; font-family: var(--font-family-secondary); font-size: 1.625rem; line-height: 1.12; margin: 24px 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;">Learn more:</h3><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px; margin: 24px 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/05/amnesty-international-publishes-policy-and-research-on-protection-of-sex-workers-rights/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; transition: color 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">Amnesty International publishes policy and research on protection of sex workers’ rights</a></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px; margin: 24px 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/qa-policy-to-protect-the-human-rights-of-sex-workers/" rel="noopener" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; transition: color 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_top" title="POLICY TO PROTECT THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF SEX WORKERS">Q&A: Policy to Protect the Human Rights of Sex Workers</a></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px; margin: 24px 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol40/4061/2016/en/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; transition: color 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">Sex workers at risk: A research summary on human rights abuses against sex workers</a></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px; margin: 24px 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/08/global-movement-votes-to-adopt-policy-to-protect-human-rights-of-sex-workers/" rel="noopener" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; transition: color 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_top" title="Global movement votes to adopt policy to protect human rights of sex workers">Global movement votes to adopt policy to protect human rights of sex workers</a></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px; margin: 24px 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://www.amnesty.org/policy-on-state-obligations-to-respect-protect-and-fulfil-the-human-rights-of-sex-workers/" rel="noopener" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; transition: color 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_top" title="RESOLUTION ON STATE OBLIGATIONS TO RESPECT, PROTECT, AND FULFIL THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF SEX WORKERS (INTERNATIONAL BOARD)">Decision on State Obligations to Respect, Protect, and Fulfil the Human Rights of Sex Workers </a></p><figure class="responsive-iframe wp-block-embed" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px; margin: 24px 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><div class="fluid-iframe" style="box-sizing: inherit; min-height: 350px; position: relative;"><iframe frameborder="0" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_D6J2psOv7Y?feature=oembed" style="box-sizing: inherit; height: 350px; max-width: 100%; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 616.393px;"></iframe></div></figure></article>Tom Merlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09948201337303721158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27720304.post-20080375947310794302021-03-21T23:01:00.011-07:002022-10-27T14:09:21.682-07:00Attraction Inequality and the Dating Economy<p> <i>P</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #191919; font-family: "Libre Baskerville", Georgia, serif; font-size: 0.6875rem; font-style: italic;">ublished on</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #191919; font-family: "Libre Baskerville", Georgia, serif; font-size: 0.6875rem; font-style: italic;"> </span><a href="https://quillette.com/2019/03/12/attraction-inequality-and-the-dating-economy/" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #191919; font-family: "Libre Baskerville", Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">March 12, 2019</a> in <b><i>Quillette<br /></i></b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Libre Baskerville", Georgia, serif; font-size: 2.625rem;">Attraction Inequality and the Dating Economy</span></p><header class="entry-header" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #191919; font-family: "Libre Baskerville", Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div><br /></div></header><div class="entry-thumbnail" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #191919; font-family: "Libre Baskerville", Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 30px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://quillette.com/2019/03/12/attraction-inequality-and-the-dating-economy/" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #191919; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Permalink to Attraction Inequality and the Dating Economy"><img alt="" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image jetpack-lazy-image jetpack-lazy-image--handled" data-lazy-loaded="1" height="800" loading="eager" sizes="(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" src="https://d24fkeqntp1r7r.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/11121859/AdobeStock_193234222-2.jpg" srcset="https://d24fkeqntp1r7r.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/11121859/AdobeStock_193234222-2.jpg 1200w, https://d24fkeqntp1r7r.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/11121859/AdobeStock_193234222-2.jpg 300w, https://d24fkeqntp1r7r.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/11121859/AdobeStock_193234222-2.jpg 768w, https://d24fkeqntp1r7r.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/11121859/AdobeStock_193234222-2.jpg 1024w, https://d24fkeqntp1r7r.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/11121859/AdobeStock_193234222-2.jpg 840w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="1200" /></a></div><div class="entry-content" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #191919; font-family: "Libre Baskerville", Georgia, serif; margin: 0px; max-width: 680px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="p2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.73; margin: 0px 0px 26px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="s1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jesus said that the poor would always be with us. Despite the best efforts of philanthropists and redistributionists over the last two millennia, he has been right so far. Every nation in the world has poor and rich, separated by birth and luck and choice. The inequality between rich and poor, and its causes and remedies, are discussed ad nauseam in public policy debates, campaign platforms, and social media screeds.</span></p><p class="p2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.73; margin: 0px 0px 26px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="s1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">However, the relentless focus on inequality among politicians is usually quite narrow: they tend to consider inequality only in monetary terms, and to treat “inequality” as basically synonymous with “income inequality.” There are so many other types of inequality that get air time less often or not at all: inequality of talent, height, number of friends, longevity, inner peace, health, charm, gumption, intelligence, and fortitude. And finally, there is a type of inequality that everyone thinks about occasionally and that young single people obsess over almost constantly: inequality of sexual attractiveness.</span></p><p class="p2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.73; margin: 0px 0px 26px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="s1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The economist Robin Hanson has written some fascinating articles that use the cold and inhuman logic economists are famous for to <a href="http://www.overcomingbias.com/2018/06/comparing-income-sex-redistribution.html" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="s2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">compare inequality of income to inequality</span></a> of <a href="http://www.overcomingbias.com/2018/04/two-types-of-envy.html" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="s2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">access to sex</span></a>. If we follow a few steps of his reasoning, we can imagine the world of dating as something like an economy, in which people possess different amounts of attractiveness (the dating economy’s version of dollars) and those with more attractiveness can access more and better romantic experiences (the dating economy’s version of consumer goods). If we think of dating in this way, we can use the analytical tools of economics to reason about romance in the same way we reason about economies.</span></p><p class="p2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.73; margin: 0px 0px 26px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="s1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">One of the useful tools that economists use to study inequality is the Gini coefficient. This is simply a number between zero and one that is meant to represent the degree of income inequality in any given nation or group. An egalitarian group in which each individual has the same income would have a Gini coefficient of zero, while an unequal group in which one individual had all the income and the rest had none would have a Gini coefficient close to one. When Jeff Bezos or Warren Buffett walks into a room, the Gini coefficient of the room shoots up.</span></p><p class="p2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.73; margin: 0px 0px 26px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 0.9375rem;">Here's another take on this topic </span><a href="https://medium.com/@bellehookwrite/attraction-inequality-and-the-dating-economy-a70cbee8e4db">Attraction Inequality and the Dating Economy | by Belle Hook | Medium</a></p><p class="p2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.73; margin: 0px 0px 26px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.73; margin: 0px 0px 26px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="s1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></p></div>Tom Merlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09948201337303721158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27720304.post-58835351656064436962021-03-21T19:14:00.006-07:002021-03-21T23:14:04.975-07:00The Contribution of Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills to Intergenerational Social Mobility<p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></p><header><div class="header-outer" style="background-attachment: scroll; 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height: 14181.3px;"></div></div><div class="cap-bottom" style="background-position: 0% 100%; background-repeat: repeat-x; height: 0px; position: relative;"><div class="cap-left" style="background-position: 0% 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat; float: left; height: 0px;"></div><div class="cap-right" style="background-position: 100% 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat; float: right; height: 0px;"></div></div></div><div class="columns-inner" style="min-height: 0px;"><div class="column-center-outer" style="float: left; position: relative; width: 780px;"><div class="column-center-inner" style="padding: 0px;"><div class="main section" id="main" name="Main" style="margin: 0px 1em;"><div class="widget Blog" data-version="1" id="Blog1" style="line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 30px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;"><div class="blog-posts hfeed"><div class="date-outer"><h2 class="date-header" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="background-color: #bbbbbb; color: white; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: inherit; padding: 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sunday, March 21, 2021</span></span></h2><div class="date-posts"><div class="post-outer"><div class="post hentry uncustomized-post-template" itemprop="blogPost" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/BlogPosting" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 45px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a name="1428899496521460788"></a></span><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The Contribution of Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills to Intergenerational Social Mobility (McGue et al. 2020)</span></h3><div class="post-header" style="line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em;"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-1428899496521460788" itemprop="description articleBody" style="line-height: 1.4; position: relative; width: 756px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">If you have the slightest pretension to serious knowledge concerning social mobility, meritocracy, inequality, genetics, psychology, economics, education, history, or any related subjects, I urge you to carefully study this paper.</span><blockquote><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0956797620924677" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;">The Contribution of Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills to Intergenerational Social Mobility</a> </span></blockquote><blockquote><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Psychological Science <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620924677" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;">https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620924677</a>)</span></blockquote><blockquote><span style="font-size: x-small;">Matt McGue, Emily A. Willoughby, Aldo Rustichini, Wendy Johnson, William G. Iacono, James J. Lee </span></blockquote><blockquote><span style="font-size: x-small;">We investigated intergenerational educational and occupational mobility in a sample of 2,594 adult offspring and 2,530 of their parents. Participants completed assessments of general cognitive ability and five noncognitive factors related to social achievement; 88% were also genotyped, allowing computation of educational-attainment polygenic scores. Most offspring were socially mobile. Offspring who scored at least 1 standard deviation higher than their parents on both cognitive and noncognitive measures rarely moved down and frequently moved up. Polygenic scores were also associated with social mobility. Inheritance of a favorable subset of parent alleles was associated with moving up, and inheritance of an unfavorable subset was associated with moving down. Parents’ education did not moderate the association of offspring’s skill with mobility, suggesting that low-skilled offspring from advantaged homes were not protected from downward mobility. These data suggest that cognitive and noncognitive skills as well as genetic factors contribute to the reordering of social standing that takes place across generations.</span></blockquote><span style="font-size: x-small;">From the paper:</span><blockquote><span style="font-size: x-small;">We believe that a reasonable explanation of our findings is that the degree to which individuals are more or less skilled than their parents contributes to their upward or downward mobility. Behavioral genetic and genomic research has established the heritability of social achievements (Conley, 2016) as well as the skills thought to underlie them (Bouchard & McGue, 2003). Nonetheless, these associations may be due to passive gene–environment correlation, whereby high-achieving parents both transmit genes and provide a rearing environment that promotes their children’s social success (Scarr & McCartney, 1983). Our within-family design controlled for passive gene–environment correlation effects. Although offspring inherit all of their genes from their parents, they inherit a random subset of parental alleles because of meiotic segregation. Consequently, some offspring inherit a favorable subset of their parents’ alleles, whereas others inherit a less favorable subset. We found, as did previous researchers (Belsky et al., 2018), that <b>the inheritance of a favorable subset of alleles was associated with an increased likelihood of upward mobility</b>... </span></blockquote><blockquote><span style="font-size: x-small;">...In summary, our analysis of intergenerational social mobility in a sample of 2,594 offspring from 1,321 families found that (a) most individuals were educationally and occupationally mobile, (b) <b>mobility was predicted by offspring–parent differences in skills and genetic endowment</b>, and (c) the relationship of offspring skills with social mobility did not vary significantly by parent social background. In an era in which there is legitimate concern over social stagnation, our findings are noteworthy in identifying the circumstances when parents’ educational and occupational success is not reproduced across generations.</span></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMJgKIWwgJYWruhyphenhyphenCMG6-_yRRhT0oNND7CdCAe1EV2IKYatipWGTN2zsWdzVTH2CBNFHOVyxz9-hvHir3RHiaxk7gSIBKtpLEn8fJ9HJD4sBXeEVTFq5lX66DF44vz3d97KT3-/s0/Screenshot+2021-03-21+at+2.56.29+PM.png" style="color: #2288bb; display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1059" data-original-width="1027" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMJgKIWwgJYWruhyphenhyphenCMG6-_yRRhT0oNND7CdCAe1EV2IKYatipWGTN2zsWdzVTH2CBNFHOVyxz9-hvHir3RHiaxk7gSIBKtpLEn8fJ9HJD4sBXeEVTFq5lX66DF44vz3d97KT3-/w388-h400/Screenshot+2021-03-21+at+2.56.29+PM.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="388" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifKRbfOaRyoht9LVFCHfcTKxmdUGtEd6fGuTHQGrhG3XqoBv24tIGae8hplp2Bcr1kKCewNTed-VmKoAvoP8842OZpWvCEaZadH0ihyphenhyphen81DMeCRNfAMob8eEm8CcmMp8cplzR9V/s0/Screenshot+2021-03-21+at+2.56.55+PM.png" style="color: #2288bb; display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none;"><span><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="867" data-original-width="1534" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifKRbfOaRyoht9LVFCHfcTKxmdUGtEd6fGuTHQGrhG3XqoBv24tIGae8hplp2Bcr1kKCewNTed-VmKoAvoP8842OZpWvCEaZadH0ihyphenhyphen81DMeCRNfAMob8eEm8CcmMp8cplzR9V/w640-h362/Screenshot+2021-03-21+at+2.56.55+PM.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="640" /></span></a></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><span>See also <a href="https://infoproc.blogspot.com/2018/07/game-over-genomic-prediction-of-social.html" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;">Game Over: Genomic Prediction of Social Mobility</a> (PNAS July 9, 2018: 201801238). Both papers provide out of sample validation of polygenic predictors for cognitive ability, specifically of the relationship to intergenerational social mobility.</span><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidlGNIBRHUPdMv13cRo8pRrCDLi0bV_iwyfFThsSAD-aOLcxwrJ_Z48IKxy22RssO7JBXXWpnhZAm11uqqBj1-Abx98sFm5nMYhckfn5xFi2PCPD0uaqgysGASmx3MklM2-1U4/s1600/F4.large.jpg" style="color: #2288bb; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img border="0" data-original-height="820" data-original-width="1280" height="410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidlGNIBRHUPdMv13cRo8pRrCDLi0bV_iwyfFThsSAD-aOLcxwrJ_Z48IKxy22RssO7JBXXWpnhZAm11uqqBj1-Abx98sFm5nMYhckfn5xFi2PCPD0uaqgysGASmx3MklM2-1U4/s640/F4.large.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="640" /></span></a></div></div></div><div style="clear: both;"></div></div><div class="post-footer" style="background-color: #eeeeee; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.6; margin: 20px -2px 0px; padding: 5px 10px;"><div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="post-author vcard" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1em;">Posted by <span class="fn" itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><a class="g-profile" data-gapiattached="true" data-gapiscan="true" data-onload="true" href="https://www.blogger.com/profile/02428333897272913660" rel="author" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" title="author profile"><span itemprop="name">Steve Hsu</span> </a></span></span><span class="post-timestamp" style="margin-left: -1em; 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text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><br /><p></p>Tom Merlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09948201337303721158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27720304.post-7608563941911055092021-01-11T12:17:00.006-08:002022-11-08T10:03:45.936-08:00A Conversation Salon: Exploring CulturePlaces<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 2.05715; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Insights into <i>Cultureplaces</i></span><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #595959; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #595959; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">provide
meaning, significance and purpose which contribute to our happiness.</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">
</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Observations that we accumulate not through
“knowing more and more about less and less,” as scholars do, but just by living
a cosmopolitan life in the Bay Area. These intellectual perambulations equip us
to form opinions that deserve to be explored by others who share an interest in
the deeper significance of events.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">We
emphasize dialogue among participants of our salon not passively watching
lectures or panel exchanges. As the great polymath Sir David McKay wrote in his
book on sustainable energy<i> Without Hot Air, </i>"Convictions are
stronger if they are self-generated, rather than taught" </span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;"><br />
</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Rafting the Cultural Currents of the New
Millennium<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></b><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="A group of people rafting Description automatically generated"
style='width:320.25pt;height:212.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/owner/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image003.jpg"
o:title="A group of people rafting Description automatically generated"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="A group of people rafting
Description automatically generated" border="0" height="283" src="file:///C:/Users/owner/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image004.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1" width="427" /><!--[endif]--></span></b><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-color: white;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">"To enter the current of this poem is to hurtle
downstream through history on a flood of eloquent and passionate language that
is in turn philosophic, satiric, tender, angry, ironic, sensuous, and, above
all, elegiac.”</span></i><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-color: white;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> ~Yale’s
</span></i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Helen Vendler on “A Treatise on Poetry” by
Czeslaw Milos <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rather
than try to tackle complex national and international issues and institutions
that affect the entire U.S., we concentrate on place-based trends and research
that more directly reflect our everyday experiences in our own neighborhoods,
workplaces, and other closer connections. We seek to grapple with ideas that
stem from and have immediate implications for our personal ties and
intellectual enjoyment. We deal with those grassroots issues not to influence
public policy or resolve differences but to gain an understanding of the way of
the world-- in order to sort out the chaos and thereby increase our pleasure.</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">We start from the
premise that changing the body politic at the state and national level is
becoming increasingly difficult for citizens of the 21st century in the way
that the power structure was able to do at the start of the 20th century, when
American Progressivism was imbued with a strong reformist optimism. “I propose
that we lead” declared Edward Adams in the paper delivered at the
organizational dinner of the Commonwealth Club of California in 1907. That
determination has long since been replaced by anger or apathy, cynicism or
irony. Were it not otherwise, the Commonwealth Club would still be engaged in
“public service” i.e. attempting through their long standing “Study Sections”
to help shape California laws and regulations. Now only specialists attached to
policy institutes and politicians’ offices can comprehend such complicated
issues, not to mention offsetting the power of money.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">We therefore put
aside debates over broad public policy matters such as “the media”, health
care, diplomacy, climate change, and immigration policies that require a level
of expertise that defeats all but the most determined policy wonk. Or they
happen in our everyday interactions but devolve into heated rants. That said,
however, certain patterns of actions associated with racial, gender, and
employment relations, for instance, have various impacts affecting human
activity around the world including strong influence over our own daily lives.
These human tendencies, we believe, can best be examined as they emerge in
particular contexts which we call <i>Cultureplaces.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">By culture we
mean the normative order, grounded and manifested in specific places, explained
by the behavioral sciences, and illuminated and animated by the arts and
humanities, which allows us to comprehend ourselves, others, and the world
around us, and through which we make sense of our experience.</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> We probe what is often bcalled
the <i>Human Condition</i> with an emphasis on societal trends and artistic
expressions that we experience in our own lives and provide texture and insight
leading to pleasure. In short, culture is shared meaning.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For places of
culture to be more than <i>divertissement</i>s, they must be pertinent to the
formation of our values and bonds of friendship, what has come to be referred
to among academics as adding to our “social capital”. Social capital is the
aggregate of the actual or potential resources which are linked to a durable
network of relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition – or in other
words, to involvement in a closeknit group.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_13"
o:spid="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:414pt;height:311.25pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/owner/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image005.jpg"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="background-color: white;"><img border="0" height="415" src="file:///C:/Users/owner/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image006.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_13" width="552" /><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">One of the most
prominent figures in this field, Harvard professor Robert Putnam, has described
social capital as: “…features of social life – networks, norms, and trust –
that enable participants ... to pursue shared objectives…" Having fewer
social relationships to lean on will have implications for boomers’ quality of
life. As Putnam notes, “[s]ocial isolation is widely recognized as a strong
predictor of morbidity and mortality, especially among the elderly.” That said,
however, we also accept that perspectives will vary. We expect and encourage differing
opinions. But there is a commonality of rules of engagement--ways of behaving
in our exchanges.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Insights into <i>Cultureplaces</i>
provide understanding significance and purpose which contributes to our
happiness. Observations that we accumulate not through “knowing more and more
about less and less,” but just by living a cosmopolitan life in the Bay Area
equips us to form opinions that deserve to be explored by others who share an
interest in the deeper significance of events and related information.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">We emphasize
dialogue among participants of our salon not passively listening to lectures or
panel exchanges. As the great polymath Sir David McKay wrote in his book on
sustainable energy Without Hot Air, "Convictions are stronger if they are
self-generated, rather than taught"<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Clearly, one’s
genes as well as class, gender, age, race, sexual orientation and the numerous
other distinctions that seem so wrapped up in our identity these days, lead to
our personal points of view. The <i>Cultureplaces Salon</i> provides more
opportunities to compare these views on the ramifications of the changing
social landscape constrained or enhanced by our biological influences.
(nurture/nature) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">We have found
that understanding the implications of our experiences emerges best through
discourse, not absorbing more information. All that is required is a curious
and probing mind and the capacity for dialogue (attributes that are too often
missing in conversations around the water cooler or at the dinner table). And while
we may wrestle with weighty matters that can ignite strong emotions, we want to
be able to treat them playfully and with a disinterested passion for clarity
that avoids partisanship, <i>ad hominem</i> arguments, grandstanding, or ax
grinding. Such a mental exercise results in pleasure and reduces the pain of
confusion and discord that too many conversations devolve into.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_11" o:spid="_x0000_i1029"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Image result for round table discussions" style='width:300pt;
height:165.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/owner/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image007.jpg"
o:title="Image result for round table discussions"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Image result for round table discussions" border="0" height="221" src="file:///C:/Users/owner/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image008.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_11" width="400" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This
conversational skill is not easily acquired. <i>Cultureplaces Salonistas</i>
have demonstrated that they have the wherewithal to participate in our
roundtables.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">We avoid the
“sage on the stage" format. Instead a presenter might offer some
preliminary remarks to launch our exploration and then serves as a kind of
“river guide” to keep the discussion on course.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For a few of our
discussion programs, we invite someone, often an advocate or practitioner
involved in some aspect of an issue, to join us as a resource person. In most
other get-togethers we utilize an author's talk, movie, play, article, podcast
or video found on the Internet to spark our discussions. TED itself has finally
launched <i>TEDxSalons</i> which allow attendees to discuss a <i>TEDxTalk</i>
face to face, though most TEDx sites treat <i>TEDx Salons</i> as briefer
versions of <i>TEDx</i> gatherings. The administrator may send out a list of
some timely articles or upcoming 3rd party activities, like a talk at the
Commonwealth Club, as a potential springboard to provide focus, which are then
voted on via the Internet. Alternatively, we may select a topic at the start of
our gathering.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Diversity has
become the holy grail of our times. but we consider that diverse groups can
either add to or reduce the enjoyment of our get-togethers. Clearly political
differences, thanks to our President, have grown more acrimonious making good
conversation ever more elusive.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It is a truism
that people prefer to associate with others like themselves. Except for some
fraternal and religious organizations, both membership in affinity groups and
trust have declined, coinciding with increases in immigration and the rise of
ethnic, racial, and gender distinctions. This decline in group memberships is
mostly explained by one variable: greater heterogeneity. In place of
traditional organizations, more and more people have constructed silos of
ideological homogeneity which have become echo chambers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">History and Culture<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A community,
region or nation’s social capital is stable over time when one looks at the
large regional differences in social capital across the USA today which tend to
correspond fairly closely to the differences in social capital among the
nations from which the ancestors of today’s Americans came.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For example, the
area around Minneapolis and St. Paul – the area of highest social capital in
the USA – was populated with Scandinavians. Something has persisted over more
than five generations, and separated by thousands of miles and different
political structures, to explain why both the residents of Minnesota and the
Scandinavian nations today remain so connected and trusting. This continuity is
recently threatened by the immigration of Somalis into the Minneapolis region;
and accounts for the rise of right leaning parties throughout Scandinavia and other
European countries<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Ethnic and Social Heterogeneity<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There is
considerable evidence that social and ethnic heterogeneity is associated with
lower levels of social capital, not only between groups but within them. Data indicate
that this may be one of the most powerful explanations of local and regional
variations in social capital.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This finding is
difficult to interpret. After all, the bridging among groups that eventually
reduces long-term conflict cannot easily occur if we lack empathy. What really
needs to be established is what factors facilitate the growth of social capital
in contexts where the starting point is characterized by strong ethnic and
social fissures but which hold out the possibility of an enriched community; acculturation
not just assimilation. In other words, how do we go beyond the alienation that
led to Trumpism.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">One of our goals
is to encourage more participation of those who may have stayed on the sidelines
but possess the educated qualities that would enhance our dialogues. We want to
invite them to our intellectual gatherings where all participants can bring
their own unique ideas and questions to the table.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Clearly, one’s genes as well as class, gender, age, race,
sexual orientation and the numerous other distinctions that seem so wrapped up
in our identity these days, lead to our personal points of view. The <i>CulturePlaces
Salon</i> provides more opportunities to compare these views on the
ramifications of the changing social landscape constrained or enhanced by our
biological influences. (Nurture/nature).</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
We have found that understanding the implications of our experiences emerge
best through discourse, not absorbing more information. All that is required is
a curious and probing mind and the capacity for dialogue (attributes that are
too often missing in conversations around the water cooler or at the dinner
table). And while we may wrestle with weighty matters that can ignite strong
emotions, we want to be able to treat them playfully and with a disinterested
passion for clarity that avoids partisanship, <i>ad hominem</i> arguments,
grandstanding, or ax grinding. Such a mental exercise results in pleasure
and reduces the pain of confusion and discord that too many conversations can
devolve into.</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_4"
o:spid="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Image result for round table discussions"
style='width:300pt;height:165.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/owner/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image007.jpg"
o:title="Image result for round table discussions"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Image result for round table discussions" border="0" height="221" src="file:///C:/Users/owner/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image009.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4" width="400" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">This conversational skill is not easily acquired. <i>CulturePlaces
Salonistas</i> have demonstrated that they have the wherewithal to participate
in our round tables.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For
a few of our discussion programs, we invite someone, often an advocate or
practitioner involved in some aspect of an issue, to join us as a resource
person. This individual doesn't give a presentation, like a TED Talk, looking
down on the audience as the "sage on the stage", but instead offers
some preliminary remarks to launch our exploration and then serves as a kind of
“river guide” to keep the discussion on course.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">In most other get-togethers we utilize an author's
talk, movie, play, article, podcast or video found on the Internet to
spark our discussions. TED itself has finally launched </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.ted.com/participate/organize-a-local-tedx-event/before-you-start/event-types/salon-event"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TEDxSalons</span></a></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> which allow attendees to discuss a TEDxTalk face to face,
though most TEDx sites treat TEDxSalons as briefer versions of TEDx </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-size: 12pt;">gatherings</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-size: 14pt;">. The administrator may send out a list of some timely
articles or upcoming third party activities, like a talk at the Commonwealth
Club, as a potential springboard to provide focus, which are then voted on via
the Internet. Alternatively, we may select a topic at our meetup.</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">The Threat and Promise of Diversity</span></b><b><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Diversity
has become the holy grail of our times. but we consider that</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Diverse groups can either add to or reduce the
enjoyment of our get-</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">togethers. Clearly political differences,
thanks to our President, have grown more acrimonious making good conversation
ever more elusive.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It is a
truism that people prefer to be with others like themselves. With the
exception of fraternal and religious organizations, both membership in affinity
groups and trust have declined, coinciding with increases in immigration and
the rise of ethnic, racial, and gender distinctions. This decline in group
memberships is mostly explained by one variable: greater heterogeneity. In
place of traditional organizations, more and more people have constructed silos
of ideological homogeneity which have become echo chambers.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Demographics</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A
community, region or nation’s social capital is stable over time when one looks
at the large regional differences in social capital across the USA today which
tend to correspond fairly closely to the differences in social capital among
the nations from which the ancestors of today’s Americans came.<br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For
example, the area around Minneapolis and St. Paul – the area of highest social
capital in the USA – was populated mostly by Scandinavians. Something has
persisted over more than five generations, and separated by thousands of miles
and different political structures, to explain why both the residents of
Minnesota and the Scandinavian nations today remain so connected and trusting.
This continuity is recently threatened by the immigration of Somalis into the
Minneapolis </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">region.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Ethnic and Social Heterogeneity </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">There is considerable evidence that social and ethnic
heterogeneity is associated with lower levels of social capital, not only
between groups but within them. Data suggest that this may be one of the most
powerful explanations of local and regional variations in social capital.</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
This finding is difficult to interpret. After all, the bridging among groups
that eventually reduces long-term conflict cannot easily occur if we lack
empathy. What really needs to be established is what factors facilitate the
growth of social capital in contexts where the starting point is characterized
by strong ethnic and social fissures but which hold out the possibility of an
enriched community. In other words, how do we go beyond the alienation
that led to "Trumpism".</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">One of our goals is to encourage more participation of those
who may have stayed on the sidelines but possess the educated qualities that
would enhance our dialogues. We want to invite them to our intellectual
potlucks where all participants can bring their own unique ideas and questions
to the table.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="color: #212121; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ADDENDUM </span></b><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Throughout human history, people have tended to live and die
in the same place, or at least the same region, in which they're born.<i> Place</i>
is an important part of one's identity.</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_7" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="People sitting at tables under umbrellas Description automatically generated with medium confidence"
style='width:300pt;height:225pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/owner/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image010.jpg"
o:title="People sitting at tables under umbrellas Description automatically generated with medium confidence"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="People sitting at tables under umbrellas
Description automatically generated with medium confidence" border="0" height="300" src="file:///C:/Users/owner/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image011.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_7" width="400" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Recently,
we joined </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://philosophytalk.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Philosophy Talk</span></a></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">'s John Perry and KenTaylor
in Berkeley whose guest was India born UC Berkeley English Professor </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396678/Bharati-Mukherjee"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bharati Mukherjee,</span></a></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> author
of <i>Miss New India</i> and other novels exploring migration, </span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="A person speaking into a microphone Description automatically generated"
style='position:absolute;margin-left:5.25pt;margin-top:26.65pt;width:196.4pt;
height:254.8pt;z-index:251659264;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square;
mso-width-percent:0;mso-height-percent:0;mso-wrap-distance-left:9pt;
mso-wrap-distance-top:0;mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt;
mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;mso-position-horizontal:absolute;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:margin;mso-position-vertical:absolute;
mso-position-vertical-relative:text;mso-width-percent:0;mso-height-percent:0;
mso-width-relative:margin;mso-height-relative:margin'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/owner/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image012.jpg"
o:title="A person speaking into a microphone Description automatically generated"/>
<w:wrap type="square" anchorx="margin"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></span><img align="left" alt="A person speaking into a microphone
Description automatically generated" height="340" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/Users/owner/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image013.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_2" width="262" /><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">alienation, and identity. Afterwards, we
walked over to the Jupiter restaurant for THE MAIN EVENT--our
discussion--accompanied by pizza (voted best in the East Bay) and some
brewskis. We broke into smaller groups so all could participate and hear
each other.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">What
psychological effects must many immigrants, exiles, and expatriates endure? Do
we risk losing an important part of human life? Or do we gain freedom from the
lottery of birth and assimilate into an unfamiliar environment<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The ethnic and racial diversity were both irrelevant and
advantageous for enhancing our discussion because of a diversity of experience.
</span><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #666666; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Miss New India</span></i><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (2011), in which Anjali leaves her
traditional family in Bihar and moves to Bangalore. A woman determinedly
pursuing personal happiness is a revolutionary – a threatening concept for her
traditional parents.”</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Another
Facet of our Salon<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On
several occasions we combined our discussion with the rating and ranking of a
select group of wines, resembling a co-ed ancient Greek symposium without the
inebriation. Click on this</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.meetup.com/sfbrainiacs/events/225153052/"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> link</span></a></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> for a
description of a vino taste-off and conversation focusing on a presentation by
SF Chronicle's urbqan design critic John King.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">wsj<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_9" o:spid="_x0000_i1026"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:355.5pt;height:177.75pt;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square'>
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o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="237" src="file:///C:/Users/owner/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image015.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_9" width="474" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For several
group gatherings we incorporated a wine component in the form of a mini
people's choice wine taste-off. This added dimension reflects our populist
times as well as my own anti-expert bias.</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We
assessed a mixed case of wines--the kind with a more attractive Qualilty Price
Ratio (QPR) that you would have with Tuesday dinner at home. They come
from nonNapa appellations for obvious reasons of cost.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We
share the perspective of Fred Franzia, who championed affordable wine and fathered
“Two Buck Chuck” telling a group of journalists: “no wine should cost more than
$10 including wines from Napa” In the future, we will also judge Napa vino
which are normally offered for sale at a much higher price</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> with only a few
exceptions. We’ll see if Fred was right</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_i1025"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="A group of people sitting at a table outside Description automatically generated with medium confidence"
style='width:399.75pt;height:300pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/owner/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image016.jpg"
o:title="A group of people sitting at a table outside Description automatically generated with medium confidence"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="A group of people sitting at a table outside
Description automatically generated with medium confidence" border="0" height="400" src="file:///C:/Users/owner/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image017.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_3" width="533" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-color: white;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">“Our culture evolves around the acquisition of material
goods, and that turns out to be a pretty dissatisfying pursuit. It is very
important for people to have meaning and purpose in their lives and connection
to other humans.”</span></i><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> -Dr Dan Shapiro who defeated
cancer and counsels other patients, in conversation
with Jane Brody, New York Times</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For
another event we considered the following questions raised by the Oscars.
After the questions I have listed some links that provided more
background..</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fully
two-thirds of white voters without college degrees voted for Donald </span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Trump</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, as
did over 80 percent of white evangelicals. Are we locked in class
warfare? Will the election season ever really end?</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Do we
live in a bubble producing a generation of liberals and progressives
narcissistically unaware of conditions outside their self-defined groups, and indifferent
to the task of reaching out to Americans in every walk of life as the Oscars
proclaimed?</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Can
there be assimilation without resorting to a “whitelash” in Van Jones term, or
“whitewash?<br />
<br />
Can we achieve creating a sense of being in this together going beyond group
identities or are we speaking different languages?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How do
we bridge the chasm between classes and education levels?</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At the
Oscars it was mentioned that women do it better-- Opposing without hatred
Might this lead to a bias against women because, on average, they
are less combative than men?</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Do you
agree that women approach the world differently?</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Do
those who argue for differences in gender and race deserve to be
challenged or are these differences a starting point?</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://bostonreview.net/forum/logic-misogyny/christina-hoff-sommers-christina-hoff-sommers-responds-kate-manne"><span style="color: #c95b59; text-decoration-line: none;">Christina Hoff
Sommers recently defended herself</span></a> against charges of misogyny
and sexism for emphasizing how small average differences between the sexes at
the ends of Bell Curve might lead to substantial differences in career choices
and social interests.</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Should
Lawrence Sommers, a tireless advocate for equal treatment of women, be
considered a sexist and fired as President of Harvard for asserting that
men seem to have a greater capacity for doing advanced mathematics?</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Should
we accept that men and women are different in some of their proclivities in part
because of <a href="http://amzn.to/2hPXvBn"><span style="color: #c95b59; text-decoration-line: none;">evolutionary pressures that shaped
those differences in our species</span></a>?</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We know
that <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/may/03/universities-subject-gender-imbalance-maths-physics-engineering-science"><span style="color: #c95b59; text-decoration-line: none;">STEM majors at
elite universities are far more often men than women</span></a>;
conversely <a href="http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2016/06/20/as-low-skilled-jobs-disappear-men-drop-out-of-the-workforce/"><span style="color: #c95b59; text-decoration-line: none;">low-skilled men
are becoming less employable than women, and are dropping out of the workforce
at higher rates</span></a> in industrialized countries ? Any
suggestions for improving these trends beside GE’s committment to adding 20,000
more women to their tech labor force. Or Hyatt’s “Love Sweet Love”</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Do you
agree with this quote from Steven Pinker: ”The desire to work with people
versus things. There is an enormous average difference between women and men in
this dimension…And this difference in interests will tend to cause people to
gravitate in slightly different directions in their choice of career. The
occupation that fits best with the “people” end of the continuum is “director
of a community services organization.” The occupations that fit best with the
“things” end are physicist, chemist, mathematician, computer programmer, and
biologist.</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Should
we encourage people to sort themselves into college majors and job occupations
that they’re reasonably good at and enjoy doing.</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Is
upholding orthodox Christian views of marriage and human sexuality not an act
of hate? Is not expressing concern about the effect of large-scale immigration
on wages and job opportunities an act of racism? </span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">------------------------------------------------------</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Homeplay"
Assignment:</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><i><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
titles below are also links that will take you to several short essays on our
theme of 'isms' .</span></i><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/20/opinion/sunday/the-end-of-identity-liberalism.html"><span style="color: #c95b59; text-decoration-line: none;">The End of
Identity Liberalism</span></a> </span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How
should this diversity shape our politics? The standard liberal answer for
nearly a generation now has been that we should become aware of and “celebrate”
our differences. Which is a splendid principle of moral pedagogy — but
disastrous as a foundation for democratic politics in our ideological age. In
recent years American liberalism has slipped into a kind of moral panic about
racial, gender and sexual identity that has distorted liberalism’s message and
prevented it from becoming a unifying force capable of governing.<i>[click on
the title to access the rest of the piece</i>]</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt;"><a href="http://quillette.com/2016/12/20/what-is-a-sexist/"><span style="color: #c95b59; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-decoration-line: none;">What is a sexist</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Like
“racist”, the definition of “sexist” seems to have ballooned in such a way as
to include any claim about average differences between males and females from
the neck up. Some feminists, in particular, fear that assertions about
differences between men and women threaten the social progress we’ve made over
the past few centuries. Perhaps they have a point (as we discuss below). But we
should consider whether such an expansive definition of sexism is helpful, or
whether it actually represents a hindrance to moral progress. </span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[<i>click
on the title to access the rest of the piece</i>]</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt;"><a href="http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/12/13/504968772/wonder-womans-u-n-job-comes-to-an-end"><span style="color: #c95b59; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-decoration-line: none;">Is Wonder Woman being Forced into Early Retirement</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It's
come to light this week that the comic superhero's controversial tenure as the
United Nations' honorary ambassador for the empowerment of women and girls will
be coming to a close this Friday.</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">That's
less than two months since <a href="http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/10/20/498569053/is-wonder-woman-suited-to-be-a-u-n-ambassador"><span style="color: #c95b59; text-decoration-line: none;">the character
was unveiled</span></a> as the face of a <a href="https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wonderwoman/"><span style="color: #c95b59; text-decoration-line: none;">U.N. social
media campaign</span></a> to promote women's rights via tweets and
facebook callouts. The decision sparked protests both in and out of the
organization, with nearly 45,000 people ultimately signing <a href="http://www.thepetitionsite.com/741/288/432/reconsider-the-choice-of-honorary-ambassador-for-the-empowerment-of-women-and-girls/"><span style="color: #c95b59; text-decoration-line: none;">an online
petition</span></a> that called the choice of a fictional character with
"an overtly sexualized image" to represent gender equality
"alarming" and "extremely disappointing."</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt;"><a href="http://quillette.com/2016/11/21/what-is-a-racist-why-moral-progress-hinges-on-getting-the-answer-right/"><span style="color: #c95b59; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-decoration-line: none;">What is a Racist? Why Moral Progress Hinges on Getting the
Answer Right</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
charge of “racist” represents a scalpel that has been <a href="http://bleedingheartlibertarians.com/2016/09/racist-lost-sting/"><span style="color: #c95b59; text-decoration-line: none;">substantially
dulled</span></a> in recent years. The result is an inability to cut
cleanly around the cancerous tissue of racism. <a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/07/27/antiracism-our-flawed-new-religion.html"><span style="color: #c95b59; text-decoration-line: none;">The term has
been co-opted by well-meaning social justice advocates</span></a>, and is no
longer reserved for people who treat members of other groups as inherently
inferior to members of their own group. Nor is it used to identify people who
fail to treat members of other groups as the individuals that they are.
Instead, “racist” is casually hurled at anyone who expresses ideas that have
been emblazoned on an intellectual “no-fly list.”[<i>click on the title to
access the rest of the piece</i>]</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt;"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/11/23/is-criticism-of-identity-politics-racist-or-long-overdue/progressive-orthodoxy-narrows-choices-and-minds"><span style="color: #c95b59; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-decoration-line: none;">Progressive Orthodoxy Narrows Choices and Minds</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAVID
FRENCH, NATIONAL REVIEW</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Millions
of Americans are furious with the scolding progressive impulse that’s branded
“political correctness.”</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt;"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/11/23/is-criticism-of-identity-politics-racist-or-long-overdue/identity-politics-address-real-problems-of-discrimination"><span style="color: #c95b59; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-decoration-line: none;">‘Identity Politics’ Address Real Problems of
Discrimination</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">IMANI
PERRY, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We have
a long history of responding to the suffering of “working class whites” by
maintaining their status above others.</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt;"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/11/23/is-criticism-of-identity-politics-racist-or-long-overdue/political-correctness-reflects-crises-more-than-it-causes-them"><span style="color: #c95b59; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-decoration-line: none;">Political Correctness Reflects Crises More Than It Causes
Them</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">JIM
SLEEPER, YALE UNIVERSITY</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Legitimate
criticism of overreactions to racism needs to account for other real concerns
that have angered and frightened some groups.</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt;"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/11/23/is-criticism-of-identity-politics-racist-or-long-overdue/declining-status-leads-to-resentment-of-political-correctness"><span style="color: #c95b59; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-decoration-line: none;">Declining Status Leads to Resentment of P.C.</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ROBB
WILLER, STANFORD UNIVERSTIY</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Even
people who harbor consciously negative views of minority groups rarely see
themselves as racist.</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt;"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/11/23/is-criticism-of-identity-politics-racist-or-long-overdue/an-identity-politics-where-victims-vanquish-others"><span style="color: #c95b59; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-decoration-line: none;">An Identity Politics Where ‘Victims’ Vanquish Others</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MICHELLE
GARCIA, DIRECTOR, "AGAINST MEXICO"</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A
culture of siege produces victims, and victims will sacrifice anything for
their survival, even democracy itself.</span><span style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<span style="clear: left; color: black; float: left; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span></span></span></span></div>
<a href="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/ymrg9GypycIyX5lw7hE71Ms623bg8CY6KwhUbf4SBmHTDvCvtvnGir468KAx6-npZ_V8tq-HJF0AoO8slWnanuz2-GQJ2zhmLCpIkCFXzR-fwMYVryd1XCQ7cJBh59abVTFggCl0" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: white;"><img border="0" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/ymrg9GypycIyX5lw7hE71Ms623bg8CY6KwhUbf4SBmHTDvCvtvnGir468KAx6-npZ_V8tq-HJF0AoO8slWnanuz2-GQJ2zhmLCpIkCFXzR-fwMYVryd1XCQ7cJBh59abVTFggCl0" style="border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" /></span></a><span style="background-color: white;"><span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rather than try to tackle complex national and international issues and institutions that affect the entire U.S. , we concentrate on place based trends and academic research that more directly reflect our everyday experiences in our own neighborhoods, workplaces, and other closer connections. </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We seek to grapple with ideas that stem from and have immediate implications for our personal ties and intellectual enjoyment. We deal with those grassroots issues </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">not to influence public policy or resolve differences but to gain an understanding of the way of the world-- in order to sort out the chaos and thereby increase our pleasure.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We start from the premise that changing the body politic at the state and national level is becoming increasingly difficult for citizens of the 21st century in the way that the power structure was able to do at the start of the 20th century, when American Progressivism was imbued with a strong reformist optimism. “I propose that we lead” declared Edward Adams in the paper delivered at the organizational dinner of the Commonwealth Club of California in 1907. That determination has long since been replaced by anger or apathy, cynicism or irony. Were it not otherwise, the Commonwealth Club would still be engaged in “public service” i.e. attempting through their long standing “Study Sections” to help shape California laws and regulations. Now only specialists attached to policy institutes and politicians’ offices can comprehend such complicated issues, not to mention offsetting the power of money.</span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span>
</span><br />
</span><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 2.05715; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We therefore put aside debates over broad public policy matters such as “the media”, health care, diplomacy, climate change, and immigration policies that require a level of expertise that defeats all but the most determined policy wonk. Or they happen in our everyday interactions but devolve into heated rants.</span><br />
<span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">That said, however, certain patterns of actions associated with racial, gender, and employment relations, for instance, have various impacts affecting human activity around the world including strong influence over our own daily lives. These human tendencies, we believe, can best be examined as they are manifested in particular contexts which we call </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CulturePlaces.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">By culture we mean the normative order, </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">grounded and manifested in specific places,</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> explained by the behavioral sciences, and illuminated and animated by the arts and humanities, which allows us to comprehend ourselves, others, and the world around us, and through which we make sense of our experience.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> We probe what has been called the </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Human Condition </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">with an emphasis on societal trends and artistic expressions that we experience in our own lives and provide texture and insight leading to pleasure. In short, culture is shared meaning.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span>
<span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">For places of culture to be more than </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">divertissements,</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> they must be pertinent to the formation of our values and bonds of friendship, what has come to be referred to among academics as adding to our “social capital”. </span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Social capital is the aggregate of the actual or potential resources which are linked to a durable network of relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition – or in other words, to involvement in a close knit group. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">One of the most prominent figures in this field, Harvard professor Robert Putnam, has described social capital as: “…features of social life – networks, norms, and trust – that enable participants ... to pursue shared objectives…</span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="color: #444444; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: verdana; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif" style="color: #14171a; white-space: pre-wrap;">Having fewer social relationships to lean on will have implications for boomers’ quality of life. As Putnam notes, “[s]ocial isolation is widely recognized as a strong predictor of morbidity and mortality, especially among the elderly.</span><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: #14171a; white-space: pre-wrap;">”</span><span face=", , "blinkmacsystemfont" , "segoe ui" , "roboto" , "ubuntu" , "helvetica neue" , sans-serif" style="color: #14171a; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">That said, however, we also accept that perspectives will vary. We expect and encourage differing opinions. But there is a commonality of rules of engagement--ways of behaving in our exchanges. </span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span>
<span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Insights into </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>CulturePlaces</i></span><span style="color: #595959; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i> </i></span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="color: #595959; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">p<span>rovide significance and purpose which contributes to our happiness.</span></span><span><span style="color: #595959; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Observations that we accumulate not through “knowing more and more about less and less,” as scholars do, but just by living a cosmopolitan life in the Bay Area. These intellectual perambulations equip us to form opinions that deserve to be explored by others who share an interest in the deeper significance of events and related information. </span></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 2.05715; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 2.05715; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We emphasize dialogue among participants of our salon not passively watching lectures or panel exchanges. As the great polymath Sir David McKay wrote in his book on sustainable energy</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Without Hot Air, </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"Convictions are stronger if they are self generated, rather than taught" </span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rafting the Cultural Currents of the New Millennium</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"To enter the current of this poem is to hurtle downstream through history on a flood of eloquent and passionate language that is in turn philosophic, satiric, tender, angry, ironic, sensuous, and, above all, elegiac.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-Helen Vendler on “A Treatise on Poetry” by Czeslaw Milosz</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">A pop-up Epicurus Café at the Bach Dancing and Dynamite Society, Half Moon Bay</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Our culture evolves around acquisition of material goods, and that turns out to be a pretty dissatisfying pursuit. It is very important for people to have meaning and purpose in their lives and connection to other humans.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-Dr Dan Shapiro who defeated cancer and counsels other patients, in conversation with Jane Brody, New York Times</span><br />
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Clearly, one’s genes as well as class, gender, age, race, sexual orientation and the numerous other distinctions that seem so wrapped up in our identity these days, lead to our personal points of view. The </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CulturePlaces Salon</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> provides more opportunities to compare these views on the ramifications of the changing social landscape constrained or enhanced by our biological influences. (Nurture/nature)</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">We have found that understanding the implications of our experiences emerge best through discourse, not absorbing more information. All that is required is a curious and probing mind and the capacity for dialogue (attributes that are too often missing in conversations around the water cooler or at the dinner table). And while we may wrestle with weighty matters that can ignite strong emotions, we want to be able to treat them playfully and with a disinterested passion for clarity that avoids partisanship, <i>ad hominem</i> arguments, grandstanding, or ax grinding. Such a mental exercise results in pleasure and reduces the pain of confusion and discord that too many conversations can devolve into.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img alt="Image result for round table discussions" height="221" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/8ntG7uGGAKZxsM0tdXKSRF-b8mM6JEKR8t6CB40ea1wSEUSdHUDAT6DmonZWw6aykVWWpKZn2o2ASCQS0dfQl7fNCYAIHNmKrZYt8DJqcodqOI2_Yi2Ikmdsmb9fFf_OPaDhYd9Q" style="border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="400" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This conversational skill is not easily acquired. </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CulturePlaces Salonistas</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> have demonstrated that they have the wherewithal to participate in our round tables</span></span></div>
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</span><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 2.05715; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">For a few of our discussion programs, we invite someone, often an advocate or practitioner involved in some aspect of an issue, to join us as a resource person. This individual doesn't give a presentation, like a TED Talk, looking down on the audience as the "sage on the stage", but instead offers some preliminary remarks to launch our exploration and then serves as a kind of “river guide” to keep the discussion on course. </span><br />
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In most other get-togethers we utilize an author's talk, movie, play, article, podcast or video found on the Internet to spark our discussions. TED itself has finally launched </span><a href="https://www.ted.com/participate/organize-a-local-tedx-event/before-you-start/event-types/salon-event" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">TEDxSalons</span></a><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> which allow attendees to discuss a TEDxTalk face to face, though most TEDx sites treat TEDxSalons as briefer versions of TEDx gatherings. The administrator may send out a list of some timely articles or upcoming third party activities, like a talk at the Commonwealth Club, as a potential springboard to provide focus, which are then voted on via the Internet. Alternatively, we may select a topic at our meetup.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Threat and Promise of Diversity</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Diversity has become the holy grail of our times. but we consider that diverse groups can either add to or reduce the enjoyment of our get-togethers. Clearly political differences, thanks to our President, have grown more acrimonious making good conversation ever more elusive.</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It is a truism that people prefer to be with others like themselves. With the exception of fraternal and religious organizations, both membership in affinity groups and trust have declined, coinciding with increases in immigration and the rise of ethnic, racial, and gender distinctions. This decline in group memberships is mostly explained by one variable: greater heterogeneity. In place of traditional organizations, more and more people have constructed silos of ideological homogeneity which have become echo chambers.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 2.05715; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: verdana; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 2.05715; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: verdana; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: medium;">History and Culture</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 2.05715; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A community, region or nation’s social capital is stable over time when one looks at the large regional differences in social capital across the USA today which tend to correspond fairly closely to the differences in social capital among the nations from which the ancestors of today’s Americans came.</span><br />
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">For example, the area around Minneapolis and St. Paul – the area of highest social capital in the USA – was populated with Scandinavians. Something has persisted over more than five generations, and separated by thousands of miles and different political structures, to explain why both the residents of Minnesota and the Scandinavian nations today remain so connected and trusting. This continuity is recently threatened by the immigration of Somalis into the Minneapolis region.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ethnic and Social Heterogeneity</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There is considerable evidence that social and ethnic heterogeneity is associated with lower levels of social capital, not only between groups but within them. Data suggest that this may be one of the most powerful explanations of local and regional variations in social capital.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">This finding is difficult to interpret. After all, the bridging among groups that eventually reduces long-term conflict cannot easily occur if we lack empathy. What really needs to be established is what factors facilitate the growth of social capital in contexts where the starting point is characterized by strong ethnic and social fissures but which hold out the possibility of an enriched community. In other words, how do we go beyond the alienation that led to "Trumpism".</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">One of our goals is to encourage more participation of those who may have stayed at the fringes but possess the educated qualities that would enhance our dialogues. We want to invite them to our intellectual potlucks where all participants can bring their own unique ideas and questions to the table. </span></div></div><div><div class="entry-content" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.71429rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="entry-content" style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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Tom Merlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09948201337303721158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27720304.post-6758779705007635672021-01-11T11:59:00.001-08:002020-10-23T17:08:27.768-07:00ADDENDUM Some Examples of our Salons<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 2.05715; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif"><span style="color: #444444; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">T</span><span style="color: #444444; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">hroughout human history, people have tended to live and die in the same place, or at least the same region, in which they're born.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Place</span><span style="color: #444444; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is an important part of one's identity.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; vertical-align: baseline;">Recently, we joined </span><a href="http://philosophytalk.org/"><span style="color: blue; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Philosophy Talk</span></a><span style="color: #444444; vertical-align: baseline;">'s John and Ken in Berkeley </span></span><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; vertical-align: baseline;">whose guest was India born UC Berkeley English Professor </span><a href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396678/Bharati-Mukherjee"><span style="color: blue; vertical-align: baseline;">Bharati Mukherjee,</span></a><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; vertical-align: baseline;"> author of </span><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">Miss New India</span><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; vertical-align: baseline;"> and other novels exploring migration, alienation, and identity.</span><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif"><span style="color: #444444; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; white-space: pre-wrap;">Afterwards, </span><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif"><span style="color: #444444; white-space: pre-wrap;">we walked over to the Jupiter restaurant for THE MAIN EVENT--our discussion--accompanied by pizza (voted best in the East Bay) and some brewskis. </span><span style="color: #444444; white-space: pre-wrap;"> We broke into smaller groups so all could participate and hear each other.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">What psychological effects do to immigrants, exiles, and expatriates endure? Do we risk losing an important part of human life? Or do we gain freedom from the lottery of birth and assimilate into an unfamiliar </span><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">environment?</span><br />
<span face=""verdana" , sans-serif"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #444444;">The ethnic and racial diversity were both irrelevant and advantageous for enhancing our discussion because of a diversity of experience</span><span style="color: #444444;">. </span></span></span><em style="border: 0px; color: #666666; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Miss New India</em><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #666666;"> (2011), in which Anjali leaves her traditional family in Bihar and moves to Bangalore. A woman determinedly pursuing personal happiness is a revolutionary – a threatening concept for her traditional parents.”</span><br />
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<span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">On several occasions we have combined our discussion with the rating and ranking of a select group of wines, resembling a co-ed ancient Greek symposium without the inebriation. Click on this</span><a href="https://www.meetup.com/sfbrainiacs/events/225153052/"><span style="color: #1155cc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> link</span></a><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #444444; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> for a description of a vino taste-off and conversation focusing on a presentation by SF Chronicle's architecture critic John King </span><span style="background-color: white;"></span><br />
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<span face=""graphik meetup" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif">I've included some items in this listing below to provide more focus. We will discuss responses to the questions. The readings are intended to give a sense of my perspective as well as spark your own perspectives leading to a lively exchange. Unlike a book club, we won't critique the essays per se. </span><br />
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And as I did in San Francisco, I thought we could make our exchanges more fun if we added a wine component in the form of a mini people's choice wine taste-off. Both activities reflect our populist times as well as my own anti-expert bias.<br />
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For this outing we will evaluate 10 value wines--the kind with a more attractive Qualilty Price Ratio that you would have with Tuesday dinner at home. The come from non Napa AVAs for obvious reasons of cost. In the future we will also judge Napa Cabs which are offered for sale at a much higher price</span></div>
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For another event we considered the following questions raised by the Oscars. After the questions I have listed some links that provided more background..</span></div>
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Fully two-thirds of white voters without college degrees voted for Donald Trump, as did over 80 percent of white evangelicals. Are we locked in class warfare? Will the election season ever really end?</span></div>
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Do we live in a bubble producing a generation of liberals and progressives narcissistically unaware of conditions outside their self-defined groups, and indifferent to the task of reaching out to Americans in every walk of life as the Oscars proclaimed?</span></div>
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Can there be assimilation without resorting to a “whitelash” in Van Jones term, or “whitewash?<br />
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Can we achieve creating a sense of being in this together going beyond group identities or are we speaking different languages?</span></div>
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How do we bridge the chasm between classes and education levels?</span></div>
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At the Oscars it was mentioned that women do it better-- Opposing without hatred Might this lead to a bias against women because, on average, they are less combative than men?</span></div>
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Do you agree that women approach the world differently?</span></div>
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Do those who argue for differences in gender and race deserve to be challenged or are these differences a starting point?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="http://bostonreview.net/forum/logic-misogyny/christina-hoff-sommers-christina-hoff-sommers-responds-kate-manne" style="animation-delay: 0.1s; animation-duration: 0.1s; animation-iteration-count: 1; animation-timing-function: linear; color: #c95b59; cursor: pointer; display: inline;">Christina Hoff Sommers recently defended herself</a> against charges of misogyny and sexism for emphasizing how small average differences between the sexes at the ends of Bell Curve might lead to substantial differences in career choices and social interests.</span></div>
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Should Lawrence Sommers, a tireless advocate for equal treatment of women, be considered a sexist and fired as President of Harvard for asserting that men seem to have a greater capacity for doing advanced mathematics?</span></div>
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Should we accept that men and women are different in some of their proclivities in part because of <a href="http://amzn.to/2hPXvBn" style="animation-delay: 0.1s; animation-duration: 0.1s; animation-iteration-count: 1; animation-timing-function: linear; color: #c95b59; cursor: pointer; display: inline;">evolutionary pressures that shaped those differences in our species</a>?</span></div>
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We know that <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/may/03/universities-subject-gender-imbalance-maths-physics-engineering-science" style="animation-delay: 0.1s; animation-duration: 0.1s; animation-iteration-count: 1; animation-timing-function: linear; color: #c95b59; cursor: pointer; display: inline;">STEM majors at elite universities are far more often men than women</a>; conversely <a href="http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2016/06/20/as-low-skilled-jobs-disappear-men-drop-out-of-the-workforce/" style="animation-delay: 0.1s; animation-duration: 0.1s; animation-iteration-count: 1; animation-timing-function: linear; color: #c95b59; cursor: pointer; display: inline;">low-skilled men are becoming less employable than women, and are dropping out of the workforce at higher rates</a> in industrialized countries ? Any suggestions for improving these trends beside GE’s committment to adding 20,000 more women to their tech labor force. Or Hyatt’s “Love Sweet Love”</span></div>
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Do you agree with this quote from Steven Pinker: ”The desire to work with people versus things. There is an enormous average difference between women and men in this dimension…And this difference in interests will tend to cause people to gravitate in slightly different directions in their choice of career. The occupation that fits best with the “people” end of the continuum is “director of a community services organization.” The occupations that fit best with the “things” end are physicist, chemist, mathematician, computer programmer, and biologist.</span></div>
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Should we encourage people to sort themselves into college majors and job occupations that they’re reasonably good at and enjoy doing.</span></div>
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Is upholding orthodox Christian views of marriage and human sexuality not an act of hate? Is not expressing concern about the effect of large-scale immigration on wages and job opportunities an act of racism? </span></div>
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"Homeplay" Assignment:</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: verdana;">The titles below are also links that will take you to several short essays on our theme of 'isms' .</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/20/opinion/sunday/the-end-of-identity-liberalism.html" style="animation-delay: 0.1s; animation-duration: 0.1s; animation-iteration-count: 1; animation-timing-function: linear; color: #c95b59; cursor: pointer; display: inline;">The End of Identity Liberalism</a> </span></div>
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How should this diversity shape our politics? The standard liberal answer for nearly a generation now has been that we should become aware of and “celebrate” our differences. Which is a splendid principle of moral pedagogy — but disastrous as a foundation for democratic politics in our ideological age. In recent years American liberalism has slipped into a kind of moral panic about racial, gender and sexual identity that has distorted liberalism’s message and prevented it from becoming a unifying force capable of governing.<i>[click on the title to access the rest of the piece</i>]</span></div>
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<a href="http://quillette.com/2016/12/20/what-is-a-sexist/" style="animation-delay: 0.1s; animation-duration: 0.1s; animation-iteration-count: 1; animation-timing-function: linear; color: #c95b59; cursor: pointer; display: inline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What is a sexist</span></a></div>
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Like “racist”, the definition of “sexist” seems to have ballooned in such a way as to include any claim about average differences between males and females from the neck up. Some feminists, in particular, fear that assertions about differences between men and women threaten the social progress we’ve made over the past few centuries. Perhaps they have a point (as we discuss below). But we should consider whether such an expansive definition of sexism is helpful, or whether it actually represents a hindrance to moral progress. </span></div>
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[<i>click on the title to access the rest of the piece</i>]</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/12/13/504968772/wonder-womans-u-n-job-comes-to-an-end" style="animation-delay: 0.1s; animation-duration: 0.1s; animation-iteration-count: 1; animation-timing-function: linear; color: #c95b59; cursor: pointer; display: inline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Is Wonder Woman being Forced into Early Retirement</span></a></div>
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It's come to light this week that the comic superhero's controversial tenure as the United Nations' honorary ambassador for the empowerment of women and girls will be coming to a close this Friday.</span></div>
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That's less than two months since <a href="http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/10/20/498569053/is-wonder-woman-suited-to-be-a-u-n-ambassador" style="animation-delay: 0.1s; animation-duration: 0.1s; animation-iteration-count: 1; animation-timing-function: linear; color: #c95b59; cursor: pointer; display: inline;">the character was unveiled</a> as the face of a <a href="https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wonderwoman/" style="animation-delay: 0.1s; animation-duration: 0.1s; animation-iteration-count: 1; animation-timing-function: linear; color: #c95b59; cursor: pointer; display: inline;">U.N. social media campaign</a> to promote women's rights via tweets and facebook callouts. The decision sparked protests both in and out of the organization, with nearly 45,000 people ultimately signing <a href="http://www.thepetitionsite.com/741/288/432/reconsider-the-choice-of-honorary-ambassador-for-the-empowerment-of-women-and-girls/" style="animation-delay: 0.1s; animation-duration: 0.1s; animation-iteration-count: 1; animation-timing-function: linear; color: #c95b59; cursor: pointer; display: inline;">an online petition</a> that called the choice of a fictional character with "an overtly sexualized image" to represent gender equality "alarming" and "extremely disappointing."</span></div>
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<a href="http://quillette.com/2016/11/21/what-is-a-racist-why-moral-progress-hinges-on-getting-the-answer-right/" style="animation-delay: 0.1s; animation-duration: 0.1s; animation-iteration-count: 1; animation-timing-function: linear; color: #c95b59; cursor: pointer; display: inline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What is a Racist? Why Moral Progress Hinges on Getting the Answer Right</span></a></div>
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The charge of “racist” represents a scalpel that has been <a href="http://bleedingheartlibertarians.com/2016/09/racist-lost-sting/" style="animation-delay: 0.1s; animation-duration: 0.1s; animation-iteration-count: 1; animation-timing-function: linear; color: #c95b59; cursor: pointer; display: inline;">substantially dulled</a> in recent years. The result is an inability to cut cleanly around the cancerous tissue of racism. <a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/07/27/antiracism-our-flawed-new-religion.html" style="animation-delay: 0.1s; animation-duration: 0.1s; animation-iteration-count: 1; animation-timing-function: linear; color: #c95b59; cursor: pointer; display: inline;">The term has been co-opted by well-meaning social justice advocates</a>, and is no longer reserved for people who treat members of other groups as inherently inferior to members of their own group. Nor is it used to identify people who fail to treat members of other groups as the individuals that they are. Instead, “racist” is casually hurled at anyone who expresses ideas that have been emblazoned on an intellectual “no-fly list.”[<i>click on the title to access the rest of the piece</i>]</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/11/23/is-criticism-of-identity-politics-racist-or-long-overdue/progressive-orthodoxy-narrows-choices-and-minds" style="animation-delay: 0.1s; animation-duration: 0.1s; animation-iteration-count: 1; animation-timing-function: linear; color: #c95b59; cursor: pointer; display: inline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Progressive Orthodoxy Narrows Choices and Minds</span></a></div>
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DAVID FRENCH, NATIONAL REVIEW</span></div>
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Millions of Americans are furious with the scolding progressive impulse that’s branded “political correctness.”</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/11/23/is-criticism-of-identity-politics-racist-or-long-overdue/identity-politics-address-real-problems-of-discrimination" style="animation-delay: 0.1s; animation-duration: 0.1s; animation-iteration-count: 1; animation-timing-function: linear; color: #c95b59; cursor: pointer; display: inline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">‘Identity Politics’ Address Real Problems of Discrimination</span></a></div>
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IMANI PERRY, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY</span></div>
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We have a long history of responding to the suffering of “working class whites” by maintaining their status above others.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/11/23/is-criticism-of-identity-politics-racist-or-long-overdue/political-correctness-reflects-crises-more-than-it-causes-them" style="animation-delay: 0.1s; animation-duration: 0.1s; animation-iteration-count: 1; animation-timing-function: linear; color: #c95b59; cursor: pointer; display: inline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Political Correctness Reflects Crises More Than It Causes Them</span></a></div>
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JIM SLEEPER, YALE UNIVERSITY</span></div>
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Legitimate criticism of overreactions to racism needs to account for other real concerns that have angered and frightened some groups.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/11/23/is-criticism-of-identity-politics-racist-or-long-overdue/declining-status-leads-to-resentment-of-political-correctness" style="animation-delay: 0.1s; animation-duration: 0.1s; animation-iteration-count: 1; animation-timing-function: linear; color: #c95b59; cursor: pointer; display: inline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Declining Status Leads to Resentment of P.C.</span></a></div>
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ROBB WILLER, STANFORD UNIVERSTIY</span></div>
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Even people who harbor consciously negative views of minority groups rarely see themselves as racist.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/11/23/is-criticism-of-identity-politics-racist-or-long-overdue/an-identity-politics-where-victims-vanquish-others" style="animation-delay: 0.1s; animation-duration: 0.1s; animation-iteration-count: 1; animation-timing-function: linear; color: #c95b59; cursor: pointer; display: inline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">An Identity Politics Where ‘Victims’ Vanquish Others</span></a></div>
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MICHELLE GARCIA, DIRECTOR, "AGAINST MEXICO"</span></div>
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A culture of siege produces victims, and victims will sacrifice anything for their survival, even democracy itself.<br />
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HAPPY PONDERING</span></div>
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Tom Merlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09948201337303721158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27720304.post-40124763589052535102020-11-13T21:25:00.001-08:002020-12-01T14:31:52.733-08:00Post secondary education is a net negative due to the loans <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 18px;"><span></span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 18px;">The federal government started lending money to many more students to pay for college. Universities grew into manicured playgrounds. The proportion of Americans with a four-year college degree climbed to 36% last year from 9% in 1965.</span></i></span></p><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 28px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">But those gains came at a price. For every high-school student who graduates college and finds a job that leverages her degree, four fall short: They either never enroll in college, drop out, or graduate and wind up underemployed, says Oren Cass, executive director of American Compass, a conservative think tank. About half take on debt they come to regret, according to surveys. For millennials, college or bust created winners out of about 20% of the country’s students, and bust for the rest, Mr. Cass says...."</span></p><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 28px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">https://www.wsj.com/articles/is-this-the-end-of-college-as-we-know-it-1160519690</span><span style="font-family: Exchange, Georgia, serif;">9</span></span></span></p></blockquote><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 28px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Exchange, Georgia, serif;"></span></span></span></p>Tom Merlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09948201337303721158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27720304.post-64378473169750460502020-11-07T22:27:00.004-08:002020-12-01T15:15:53.919-08:00Is Happiness Genetic and if so, What Percent<p><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: lora, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">A meta-analysis done at Stanford University (Levinson, 2005) showed the particular role that genetics plays in depression. While an absence of depression is not an indicator of the presence of <a href="https://positivepsychology.com/what-is-happiness/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #464a61; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: none;">happiness</a>, many wonder if we are genetically predisposed to higher levels of life satisfaction.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: lora, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">An additional study was conducted in an attempt to locate a gene responsible for happiness.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: lora, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">In this twin study, published in the Journal of Neuroscience (De Neve, 2012) subjects with a higher presence of the number of longer alleles of the 5-HTTLPR gene (a serotonin transporter gene) self-reported higher levels of life satisfaction, aka happiness.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: lora, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">While the study did not define this gene as the happiness gene, it did equate 33% of subjective life satisfaction with genetic variation. Whereas environmental factor variation equated to not more than 3%.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: lora, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">A twin study of over 2,000 twins from the Minnesota Twin Registry found that approximately 50% of life satisfaction is due to genetics. This leaves 40% attributable to intentional activities and 10% attributable to external events. (Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, & Schkade, 2005) Being able to move a happiness “set point” with intentional activities makes levels of happiness variable.</p><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: lato, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; list-style: none none; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2a2a2a; margin-bottom: 4px;"><br /><h2 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 0px;">How Does the Pursuit of Happiness End?</h2><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: lora, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">The pursuit of happiness is not meant to end. Even as hospice patients enter the end stages of their life, finding a common human experience and what it means to be human in even those final days will make the transition easier on the patient and those around him/ her (BJ Miller).</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: lora, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">There may not be happiness in death, but there can be ease. The Zen Hospice Project allows for a more compassionate way to view death. The human connection even in that last stage exists. Never stop pursuing.</p><div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: lora, serif;"><p></p></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: lora, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;"> https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/27720304/6437847316975046050?hl=en </p></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2a2a2a; margin-bottom: 4px;"><div class="appbar" id="appbar" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; min-width: 1261px; width: 1261px;"><div id="extabar"><div style="position: relative;"><div class="WE0UJf" id="slim_appbar" style="height: 43px; margin-left: 180px;"><div class="LHJvCe" style="color: #70757a; display: flex; justify-content: space-between; line-height: 43px; min-width: 652px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: all 220ms ease-in-out 0s;"><div id="result-stats" style="overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 0px; text-overflow: 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0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">Featured snippet from the web</h2><div><div class="mod NFQFxe oHglmf xzPb7d viOShc" data-md="32" lang="en-US" style="border-radius: 8px; clear: none; padding-bottom: 16px; padding-top: 0px;"><div class="kno-mrg-si kno-mrg kno-swp" data-hveid="CBMQAg" id="media_result_group" style="border-top-right-radius: 8px; float: right; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 20px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><div class="kno-fiu kno-liu"><div data-count="1" data-hveid="CAkQAA" jsmodel="gpo5Gf"><div jsaction="PdWSXe:h5M12e;rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="IkchZc" jsdata="X2sNs;;CFvTUQ" jsmodel=""><div class="umyQi" data-h="130" data-nr="1"><div class="eA0Zlc ivg-i img-kc-m PZPZlf" data-attrid="image" data-docid="aGvGV4ynvU2e1M" data-lpage="https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/how_much_of_your_happiness_is_under_your_control" 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style="border: 0px; display: block; position: relative;" title="https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/how_much_of_your_happiness_is_under_your_control" width="231" /><div class="fWhgmd" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03); bottom: 0px; left: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px;"></div></g-img></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mod" data-md="61" lang="en-US" style="clear: none; padding-left: 16px; padding-right: 16px;"><div aria-level="3" class="LGOjhe" data-attrid="wa:/description" data-hveid="CBEQAA" role="heading" style="overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 20px;"><span class="ILfuVd" style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.375;"><span class="hgKElc" style="padding: 0px 8px 0px 0px;"><b>If</b> you've read a book or listened to a talk about <b>happiness</b> in the past 15 years, there's a good chance you heard that 50 <b>percent</b> of our <b>happiness</b> is determined by our <b>genes</b>, 40 <b>percent</b> by our activities, and 10 <b>percent</b> by our life circumstances.</span></span><span class="kX21rb" style="color: #70757a; display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.34; padding-right: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">Feb 18, 2020</span></div></div><div class="g" style="clear: both; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 16px; padding-left: 16px; padding-right: 16px; width: 600px;"><div class="rc" data-hveid="CAgQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQFSgAMAJ6BAgIEAA" style="clear: both; padding-bottom: 0px; position: relative;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.58;"><a href="https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/how_much_of_your_happiness_is_under_your_control#:~:text=If%20you've%20read%20a,percent%20by%20our%20life%20circumstances." ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/how_much_of_your_happiness_is_under_your_control%23:~:text%3DIf%2520you%27ve%2520read%2520a,percent%2520by%2520our%2520life%2520circumstances.&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQFjACegQICBAC" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #660099; text-decoration-line: none;"><br /><h3 class="LC20lb DKV0Md" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 4px 0px 0px;">How Much of Your Happiness Is Under Your Control?</h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre" style="display: inline-block; left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: none; top: 0px;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;">greatergood.berkeley.edu<span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" style="color: #5f6368; white-space: nowrap;"> › article 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nowrap;"></span></cite></div></a><div class="B6fmyf" style="height: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; visibility: hidden; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="color: #202124; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; height: 19px; line-height: 1.3; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 1px;"><span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" style="color: #5f6368;"></span></cite></div><div class="eFM0qc" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 1px; visibility: visible;"></div></div></div><div class="IsZvec" style="color: #4d5156; line-height: 1.58; max-width: 48em;"><span class="aCOpRe" style="line-height: 1.58; overflow-wrap: break-word;"></span></div></div></div><div class="iOBnre match-mod-horizontal-padding" style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.58; padding: 20px 16px 10px;"><a href="https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1DKCZ_enUS914US914&sxsrf=ALeKk02ZmWyJFQeDdwK3Zo9qt23LhHi4-Q:1606862804675&q=Is+there+a+genetic+component+to+happiness%3F&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQzmd6BAgSEAk" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #660099; text-decoration-line: none;"></a></div></div></div></g-accordion-expander></div><div class="related-question-pair" data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQq7kBKAJ6BAgSEAo" decode-data-ved="1" eid="1MfGX5HYKMy60PEPnb6P4Ak"><g-accordion-expander jsaction="baGTZc:y3EGVb;u6JqG:XyzvNd;rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="XMgU6d" jsshadow=""><div aria-controls="_1MfGX5HYKMy60PEPnb6P4Ak34" aria-expanded="false" class="mWyH1d hide-focus-ring UgLoB" id="_1MfGX5HYKMy60PEPnb6P4Ak35" jsaction="CQwlrf;fastbutton:CQwlrf" jsname="ARU61" jsslot="" role="button" style="outline: 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0"><span class="vp45yf z1asCe bjaP2b" style="color: #70757a; display: inline-block; fill: currentcolor; height: 24px; line-height: 24px; margin-top: -12px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute !important; right: 16px; top: 22px; width: 24px;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path></svg></span><div class="hide-focus-ring cbphWd match-mod-horizontal-padding" data-hveid="CBIQCw" data-kt="Ki6s-cuc8tWZ_E_7qNbplP7CtZsBof_s7KGe14Yo0bPanY-7_td60Knp9LTJsfcI" data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQuk4oAHoECBIQCw" jsname="xXq91c" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); cursor: pointer; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.58; outline: 0px; padding: 9px 40px 9px 16px; position: relative;">Is happiness genetic and what causes it?</div></div><div aria-labelledby="_1MfGX5HYKMy60PEPnb6P4Ak35" class="gy6Qzb S8PBwe" id="_1MfGX5HYKMy60PEPnb6P4Ak34" jsaction="CQwlrf;fastbutton:CQwlrf" jsname="dcydfb" jsslot="" style="max-height: 0px; overflow: hidden; transition: max-height 0.3s ease 0s; visibility: hidden;"><div class="y8URue" data-hveid="CBIQDA" data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQu04oAXoECBIQDA" id="_1MfGX5HYKMy60PEPnb6P4Ak36" jsname="oQYOj"><div class="mod" data-md="61" style="border-radius: 8px; clear: none; padding-left: 16px; padding-right: 16px; padding-top: 16px;"><div aria-level="3" class="LGOjhe" data-attrid="wa:/description" data-hveid="CA0QAA" role="heading" style="overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 20px;"><span class="ILfuVd NA6bn" style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.375;"><span class="hgKElc" style="padding: 0px 8px 0px 0px;"><b></b><b></b><b></b></span></span><span class="kX21rb" style="color: #70757a; display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.34; padding-right: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"></span></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding-left: 16px; padding-right: 16px; width: 600px;"><div class="rc" data-hveid="CAcQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQFSgAMAl6BAgHEAA" style="position: relative;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.58;"><a href="https://www.insider.com/is-happiness-genetic" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.insider.com/is-happiness-genetic&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQFjAJegQIBxAC" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #660099; text-decoration-line: none;"><br /><h3 class="LC20lb DKV0Md" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 4px 0px 0px;"></h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre" style="display: inline-block; left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: none; top: 0px;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="color: #202124; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; height: 19px; line-height: 1.3; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 1px;"><span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" style="color: #5f6368; white-space: nowrap;"></span></cite></div></a><div 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jsshadow=""><div aria-controls="_1MfGX5HYKMy60PEPnb6P4Ak38" aria-expanded="false" class="mWyH1d hide-focus-ring UgLoB" id="_1MfGX5HYKMy60PEPnb6P4Ak39" jsaction="CQwlrf;fastbutton:CQwlrf" jsname="ARU61" jsslot="" role="button" style="outline: 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0"><span class="vp45yf z1asCe bjaP2b" style="color: #70757a; display: inline-block; fill: currentcolor; height: 24px; line-height: 24px; margin-top: -12px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute !important; right: 16px; top: 22px; width: 24px;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path></svg></span><div class="hide-focus-ring cbphWd match-mod-horizontal-padding" data-hveid="CBIQDw" data-kt="KjC7p5Hp47XWgxTJ6aex3IbXnZYB_prMjf69i7r_AaXP9o3LucqJCNqh8oHB-Y7GzQE" data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQuk4oAHoECBIQDw" jsname="xXq91c" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); cursor: pointer; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.58; outline: 0px; padding: 9px 40px 9px 16px; position: relative;">How much of your happiness is within our control?</div></div><div aria-labelledby="_1MfGX5HYKMy60PEPnb6P4Ak39" class="gy6Qzb S8PBwe" id="_1MfGX5HYKMy60PEPnb6P4Ak38" jsaction="CQwlrf;fastbutton:CQwlrf" jsname="dcydfb" jsslot="" style="max-height: 0px; overflow: hidden; transition: max-height 0.3s ease 0s; visibility: hidden;"><div class="y8URue" data-hveid="CBIQEA" data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQu04oAXoECBIQEA" id="_1MfGX5HYKMy60PEPnb6P4Ak40" jsname="oQYOj"><div class="mod NFQFxe viOShc LKPcQc" data-md="25" style="border-radius: 8px; clear: none; padding-top: 0px;"><div aria-level="3" class="HwtpBd gsrt PZPZlf" data-hveid="CAsQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQtwcoADAKegQICxAA" role="heading" style="padding: 16px 16px 4px;"><div class="Z0LcW XcVN5d AZCkJd" data-tts-text="40 percent" data-tts="answers" style="color: #222222; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.25; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: -3px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"></div><div class="yxAsKe" style="color: #70757a;"></div></div></div><div class="mod" data-md="61" style="clear: none; padding-left: 16px; padding-right: 16px;"><div aria-level="3" class="LGOjhe" data-attrid="wa:/description" data-hveid="CA8QAA" role="heading" style="overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 20px;"><span class="ILfuVd NA6bn" style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.375;"><span class="hgKElc" style="padding: 0px 8px 0px 0px;"><b></b></span></span><span class="kX21rb" style="color: #70757a; display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.34; padding-right: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"></span></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding-left: 16px; padding-right: 16px; width: 600px;"><div class="rc" data-hveid="CAQQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQFSgAMAx6BAgEEAA" style="position: relative;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.58;"><a href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/scientific-proof-that-you_n_4384433" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/scientific-proof-that-you_n_4384433&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQFjAMegQIBBAC" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #660099; text-decoration-line: none;"><br /><h3 class="LC20lb DKV0Md" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 4px 0px 0px;"></h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre" style="display: inline-block; left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: none; top: 0px;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="color: #202124; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; height: 19px; line-height: 1.3; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 1px;"><span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" style="color: #5f6368; white-space: nowrap;"></span></cite></div></a><div class="B6fmyf" style="height: 0px; position: 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class="Uo8X3b" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">Web results</h2><div class="rc" data-hveid="CAMQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQFSgAMA16BAgDEAA" style="position: relative;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.58;"><a href="https://positivepsychology.com/is-happiness-genetic/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://positivepsychology.com/is-happiness-genetic/&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQFjANegQIAxAC" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #660099; text-decoration-line: none;"><br /><h3 class="LC20lb DKV0Md" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 4px 0px 0px;">Is Happiness Genetic and What Causes It?</h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre" style="display: inline-block; left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: none; top: 0px;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;">positivepsychology.com<span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" style="color: #5f6368; white-space: nowrap;"> › is-happiness-genetic</span></cite></div></a><div class="B6fmyf" style="height: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; visibility: hidden; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;"><span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" style="color: #5f6368;"></span></cite></div><div class="eFM0qc" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 1px; visibility: visible;"><div class="action-menu" style="display: inline; margin: 1px 3px 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data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQqR8wDXoECAMQBg" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" role="menu" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; font-size: 13px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 12px; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; visibility: hidden; z-index: 3;" tabindex="-1"><li class="action-menu-item" role="menuitem" style="cursor: pointer; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: none;"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:rPySI69m-E8J:https://positivepsychology.com/is-happiness-genetic/+&cd=14&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:rPySI69m-E8J:https://positivepsychology.com/is-happiness-genetic/%2B%26cd%3D14%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQIDANegQIAxAH" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #3c4043; display: block; outline: 0px; padding: 7px 18px; text-decoration-line: none;"></a></li></ol></div></div></div></div><div class="IsZvec" style="color: #4d5156; line-height: 1.58; max-width: 48em;"><span class="aCOpRe" style="line-height: 1.58; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span class="f" style="color: #70757a; line-height: 1.58;">Jump to <a class="fl" href="https://positivepsychology.com/is-happiness-genetic/#is-happiness-genetic" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://positivepsychology.com/is-happiness-genetic/%23is-happiness-genetic&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQygQwDXoECAMQCQ" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #1a0dab; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: inherit; font-weight: bold;">Is Happiness Genetic and if so, What Percent</span>?</a> — </span></span></div><div data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQ2Z0BMA16BAgDEA4" id="eob_16" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="m6a0l" jsdata="fxg5tf;;CFvTUM"></div></div></div><div class="g" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-top: 0px; width: 600px;"><div class="rc" data-hveid="CAEQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQFSgAMA56BAgBEAA" style="position: relative;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.58;"><a href="https://www.insider.com/is-happiness-genetic" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.insider.com/is-happiness-genetic&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQFjAOegQIARAC" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #660099; text-decoration-line: none;"><br /><h3 class="LC20lb DKV0Md" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 4px 0px 0px;">The genetics of happiness: How much is genetic </h3></a></div><div class="IsZvec" style="color: #4d5156; line-height: 1.58; max-width: 48em;"><span class="aCOpRe" style="line-height: 1.58; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span class="f" style="color: #70757a; line-height: 1.58;">Nov 5, 2020 — </span>About 40% of your <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">happiness</span> is <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">genetic</span>, <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">but</span> the other 60% is ... <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">But</span> that doesn't mean that <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">if</span> you weren't born with certain <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">genes</span>, you're ...</span></div></div></div><div class="g" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-top: 0px; width: 600px;"><div class="rc" data-hveid="CAIQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQFSgAMA96BAgCEAA" style="position: relative;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.58;"><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2017/02/11/a-scientist-has-discovered-why-happiness-might-very-well-be-genetic.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/02/11/a-scientist-has-discovered-why-happiness-might-very-well-be-genetic.html&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQFjAPegQIAhAC" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #660099; text-decoration-line: none;"><br /><h3 class="LC20lb DKV0Md" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 4px 0px 0px;">A scientist has discovered why happiness might very well be ...</h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre" style="display: inline-block; left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: none; top: 0px;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;">www.cnbc.com<span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" style="color: #5f6368; white-space: nowrap;"> › 2017/02/11 › a-scientist-has-discovered...</span></cite></div></a><div class="B6fmyf" style="height: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; visibility: hidden; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;"><span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" style="color: #5f6368;"></span></cite></div><div class="eFM0qc" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 1px; visibility: visible;"></div></div></div><div class="IsZvec" style="color: #4d5156; line-height: 1.58; max-width: 48em;"><span class="aCOpRe" style="line-height: 1.58; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span class="f" style="color: #70757a; line-height: 1.58;">Feb 11, 2017 — </span>A human's level of <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">happiness</span> is linked to their <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">genetic</span> makeup, ... <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">When</span> the study was published, there were two points on the human genome ...</span></div><div data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQ2Z0BMA96BAgCEAc" id="eob_10" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="m6a0l" jsdata="fxg5tf;;CFvTUI"></div></div></div><span id="fld"></span><div class="g" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-top: 0px; width: 600px;"><div class="rc" data-hveid="CCYQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQFSgAMBB6BAgmEAA" style="position: relative;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.58;"><a href="http://www.forastateofhappiness.com/tag/50-10-40-formula/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.forastateofhappiness.com/tag/50-10-40-formula/&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQFjAQegQIJhAC" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #660099; text-decoration-line: none;"><br /><h3 class="LC20lb DKV0Md" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 4px 0px 0px;">50-10-40% formula | For a state of happiness</h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre" style="display: inline-block; left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: none; top: 0px;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;">www.forastateofhappiness.com<span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" style="color: #5f6368; white-space: nowrap;"> › tag › 50-10-40-formula</span></cite></div></a><div class="B6fmyf" style="height: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; visibility: hidden; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;"><span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" style="color: #5f6368;"></span></cite></div><div class="eFM0qc" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 1px; visibility: visible;"><div class="action-menu" style="display: inline; margin: 1px 3px 0px; position: relative; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" aria-label="Result Options" class="GHDvEf" data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQ7B0wEHoECCYQBQ" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Is+Happiness+Genetic+and+if+so%2C+What+Percent%3F&rlz=1C1DKCZ_enUS914US914&oq=Is+Happiness+Genetic+and+if+so%2C+What+Percent%3F&aqs=chrome..69i57.1780j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b16" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); background-color: white; color: #660099; display: inline-block; height: 12px; margin-top: 1px; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: none; width: 13px;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(112, 117, 122) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; height: 0px; left: 0px; margin-left: 3px; margin-top: -3px; position: absolute; top: 7.5px; width: 0px;"></span></a><ol class="action-menu-panel" data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQqR8wEHoECCYQBg" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" role="menu" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; font-size: 13px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 12px; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; visibility: hidden; z-index: 3;" tabindex="-1"><li class="action-menu-item" role="menuitem" style="cursor: pointer; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: none;"><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:YuUE4y0ybhcJ:www.forastateofhappiness.com/tag/50-10-40-formula/+&cd=17&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:YuUE4y0ybhcJ:www.forastateofhappiness.com/tag/50-10-40-formula/%2B%26cd%3D17%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQIDAQegQIJhAH" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #3c4043; display: block; outline: 0px; padding: 7px 18px; text-decoration-line: none;"></a></li><li class="action-menu-item" role="menuitem" style="cursor: pointer; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: none;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1DKCZ_enUS914US914&sxsrf=ALeKk02ZmWyJFQeDdwK3Zo9qt23LhHi4-Q:1606862804675&q=related:www.forastateofhappiness.com/tag/50-10-40-formula/+Is+Happiness+Genetic+and+if+so,+What+Percent%3F&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQHzAQegQIJhAI" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #3c4043; display: block; outline: 0px; padding: 7px 18px; text-decoration-line: none;"></a></li></ol></div></div></div></div><div class="IsZvec" style="color: #4d5156; line-height: 1.58; max-width: 48em;"><span class="aCOpRe" style="line-height: 1.58; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span class="f" style="color: #70757a; line-height: 1.58;">Sep 17, 2015 — </span>50% of <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">happiness</span> is determined by your <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">genes</span>. ... <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">But if</span> he grows up in an environment where resulting actions are suppressed, the talent will ...</span></div><div data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQ2Z0BMBB6BAgmEAo" id="eob_54" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="m6a0l" jsdata="fxg5tf;;CFvTVA"></div></div></div><div class="g" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-top: 0px; width: 600px;"><div class="rc" data-hveid="CCQQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQFSgAMBF6BAgkEAA" style="position: relative;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.58;"><a href="https://psychcentral.com/blog/happiness-and-choices/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://psychcentral.com/blog/happiness-and-choices/&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQFjARegQIJBAC" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #660099; text-decoration-line: none;"><br /><h3 class="LC20lb DKV0Md" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 4px 0px 0px;">Happiness and Choices - Psych Central</h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre" style="display: inline-block; left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: none; top: 0px;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;">psychcentral.com<span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" style="color: #5f6368; white-space: nowrap;"> › blog › happiness-and-choices</span></cite></div></a><div class="B6fmyf" style="height: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; visibility: hidden; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;"><span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" style="color: #5f6368;"></span></cite></div><div class="eFM0qc" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 1px; visibility: visible;"><div class="action-menu" style="display: inline; margin: 1px 3px 0px; position: relative; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" aria-label="Result Options" class="GHDvEf" data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQ7B0wEXoECCQQBw" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Is+Happiness+Genetic+and+if+so%2C+What+Percent%3F&rlz=1C1DKCZ_enUS914US914&oq=Is+Happiness+Genetic+and+if+so%2C+What+Percent%3F&aqs=chrome..69i57.1780j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b17" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); background-color: white; color: #660099; display: inline-block; height: 12px; margin-top: 1px; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: none; width: 13px;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(112, 117, 122) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; height: 0px; left: 0px; margin-left: 3px; margin-top: -3px; position: absolute; top: 7.5px; width: 0px;"></span></a><ol class="action-menu-panel" data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQqR8wEXoECCQQCA" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" role="menu" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; font-size: 13px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 12px; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; visibility: hidden; z-index: 3;" tabindex="-1"><li class="action-menu-item" role="menuitem" style="cursor: pointer; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: none;"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:2uiyn7kdYSUJ:https://psychcentral.com/blog/happiness-and-choices/+&cd=18&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:2uiyn7kdYSUJ:https://psychcentral.com/blog/happiness-and-choices/%2B%26cd%3D18%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQIDARegQIJBAJ" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #3c4043; display: block; outline: 0px; padding: 7px 18px; text-decoration-line: none;"></a></li></ol></div></div></div></div><div class="IsZvec" style="color: #4d5156; line-height: 1.58; max-width: 48em;"><span class="aCOpRe" style="line-height: 1.58; overflow-wrap: break-word;">She suggests that 50 <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">percent</span> of <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">happiness</span> is <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">genetically</span> predetermined, while ... <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">if</span> certain individuals do seem to be low on the '<span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">happiness gene</span>,' <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">there is</span> no ...</span></div><div data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQ2Z0BMBF6BAgkEAo" id="eob_52" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="m6a0l" jsdata="fxg5tf;;CFvTU4"></div></div></div><div class="g" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-top: 0px; width: 600px;"><div class="rc" data-hveid="CCMQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQFSgAMBJ6BAgjEAA" style="position: relative;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.58;"><a href="https://www.livescience.com/2346-happiness-partly-inherited.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.livescience.com/2346-happiness-partly-inherited.html&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQFjASegQIIxAC" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #660099; text-decoration-line: none;"><br /><h3 class="LC20lb DKV0Md" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 4px 0px 0px;">Happiness Is Partly Inherited | Live Science</h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre" style="display: inline-block; left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: none; top: 0px;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;">www.livescience.com<span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" style="color: #5f6368; white-space: nowrap;"> › 2346-happiness-partly-inherited</span></cite></div></a><div class="B6fmyf" style="height: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; visibility: hidden; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;"><span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" style="color: #5f6368;"></span></cite></div><div class="eFM0qc" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 1px; visibility: visible;"><div class="action-menu" style="display: inline; margin: 1px 3px 0px; position: relative; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" aria-label="Result Options" class="GHDvEf" data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQ7B0wEnoECCMQBQ" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Is+Happiness+Genetic+and+if+so%2C+What+Percent%3F&rlz=1C1DKCZ_enUS914US914&oq=Is+Happiness+Genetic+and+if+so%2C+What+Percent%3F&aqs=chrome..69i57.1780j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b18" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); background-color: white; color: #660099; display: inline-block; height: 12px; margin-top: 1px; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: none; width: 13px;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(112, 117, 122) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; height: 0px; left: 0px; margin-left: 3px; margin-top: -3px; position: absolute; top: 7.5px; width: 0px;"></span></a><ol class="action-menu-panel" data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQqR8wEnoECCMQBg" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" role="menu" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; font-size: 13px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 12px; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; visibility: hidden; z-index: 3;" tabindex="-1"><li class="action-menu-item" role="menuitem" style="cursor: pointer; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: none;"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:wJMVvH8R97AJ:https://www.livescience.com/2346-happiness-partly-inherited.html+&cd=19&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:wJMVvH8R97AJ:https://www.livescience.com/2346-happiness-partly-inherited.html%2B%26cd%3D19%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQIDASegQIIxAH" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #3c4043; display: block; outline: 0px; padding: 7px 18px; text-decoration-line: none;"></a></li></ol></div></div></div></div><div class="IsZvec" style="color: #4d5156; line-height: 1.58; max-width: 48em;"><span class="aCOpRe" style="line-height: 1.58; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span class="f" style="color: #70757a; line-height: 1.58;">Mar 4, 2008 — </span>Happy people tend to have certain personality traits linked to <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">genes</span>. ... we have found that <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">there is</span> a heritable component of <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">happiness</span> which can be ... in could act as a trigger <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">when</span> bad things happen, allowing people to have an ... about 50 <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">percent</span> of the differences in people's <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">happiness</span> in life can still be ...</span></div><div data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQ2Z0BMBJ6BAgjEAo" id="eob_50" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="m6a0l" jsdata="fxg5tf;;CFvTUw"></div></div></div><div class="g" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-top: 0px; width: 600px;"><div class="rc" data-hveid="CCgQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQFSgAMBN6BAgoEAA" style="position: relative;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.58;"><a href="https://www.happiness.com/en/magazine/science-psychology/can-happiness-be-genetic/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.happiness.com/en/magazine/science-psychology/can-happiness-be-genetic/&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQFjATegQIKBAC" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #660099; text-decoration-line: none;"><br /><h3 class="LC20lb DKV0Md" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 4px 0px 0px;">Is happiness genetic? Here's what science says - Recent ...</h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre" style="display: inline-block; left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: none; top: 0px;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;">www.happiness.com<span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" style="color: #5f6368; white-space: nowrap;"> › magazine › science-psychology</span></cite></div></a><div class="B6fmyf" style="height: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; visibility: hidden; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;"><span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" style="color: #5f6368;"></span></cite></div><div class="eFM0qc" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 1px; visibility: visible;"><div class="action-menu" style="display: inline; margin: 1px 3px 0px; position: relative; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" aria-label="Result Options" class="GHDvEf" data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQ7B0wE3oECCgQBQ" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Is+Happiness+Genetic+and+if+so%2C+What+Percent%3F&rlz=1C1DKCZ_enUS914US914&oq=Is+Happiness+Genetic+and+if+so%2C+What+Percent%3F&aqs=chrome..69i57.1780j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b19" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); background-color: white; color: #660099; display: inline-block; height: 12px; margin-top: 1px; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: none; width: 13px;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(112, 117, 122) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; height: 0px; left: 0px; margin-left: 3px; margin-top: -3px; position: absolute; top: 7.5px; width: 0px;"></span></a><ol class="action-menu-panel" data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQqR8wE3oECCgQBg" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" role="menu" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; font-size: 13px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 12px; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; visibility: hidden; z-index: 3;" tabindex="-1"><li class="action-menu-item" role="menuitem" style="cursor: pointer; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: none;"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:i-tlNyb3NdoJ:https://www.happiness.com/en/magazine/science-psychology/can-happiness-be-genetic/+&cd=20&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:i-tlNyb3NdoJ:https://www.happiness.com/en/magazine/science-psychology/can-happiness-be-genetic/%2B%26cd%3D20%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQIDATegQIKBAH" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #3c4043; display: block; outline: 0px; padding: 7px 18px; text-decoration-line: none;"></a></li></ol></div></div></div></div><div class="IsZvec" style="color: #4d5156; line-height: 1.58; max-width: 48em;"><span class="aCOpRe" style="line-height: 1.58; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">So</span>, before we start to get into the nitty-gritty of asking '<span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">is happiness genetic</span>?', let's just ... <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">If</span> creating positive emotions is what <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">happiness</span> is all about, <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">then</span> surely ... of the behavioural techniques they espouse have a 100 <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">per cent</span> success rate. <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">If</span> ...</span></div></div></div><div class="g" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-top: 0px; width: 600px;"><div class="rc" data-hveid="CCcQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQFSgAMBR6BAgnEAA" style="position: relative;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.58;"><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/between-cultures/201911/how-genes-influence-happiness" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/between-cultures/201911/how-genes-influence-happiness&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQFjAUegQIJxAC" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #660099; text-decoration-line: none;"><br /><h3 class="LC20lb DKV0Md" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 4px 0px 0px;">How Genes Influence Happiness | Psychology Today</h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre" style="display: inline-block; left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: none; top: 0px;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;">www.psychologytoday.com<span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" style="color: #5f6368; white-space: nowrap;"> › blog › between-cultures</span></cite></div></a><div class="B6fmyf" style="height: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; visibility: hidden; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;"><span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" style="color: #5f6368;"></span></cite></div><div class="eFM0qc" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 1px; visibility: visible;"><div class="action-menu" style="display: inline; margin: 1px 3px 0px; position: relative; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" aria-label="Result Options" class="GHDvEf" data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQ7B0wFHoECCcQBQ" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Is+Happiness+Genetic+and+if+so%2C+What+Percent%3F&rlz=1C1DKCZ_enUS914US914&oq=Is+Happiness+Genetic+and+if+so%2C+What+Percent%3F&aqs=chrome..69i57.1780j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b20" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); background-color: white; color: #660099; display: inline-block; height: 12px; margin-top: 1px; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: none; width: 13px;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(112, 117, 122) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; height: 0px; left: 0px; margin-left: 3px; margin-top: -3px; position: absolute; top: 7.5px; width: 0px;"></span></a><ol class="action-menu-panel" data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQqR8wFHoECCcQBg" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" role="menu" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; font-size: 13px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 12px; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; visibility: hidden; z-index: 3;" tabindex="-1"><li class="action-menu-item" role="menuitem" style="cursor: pointer; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: none;"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Cpihom1OGOkJ:https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/between-cultures/201911/how-genes-influence-happiness+&cd=21&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:Cpihom1OGOkJ:https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/between-cultures/201911/how-genes-influence-happiness%2B%26cd%3D21%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQIDAUegQIJxAH" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #3c4043; display: block; outline: 0px; padding: 7px 18px; text-decoration-line: none;"></a></li></ol></div></div></div></div><div class="IsZvec" style="color: #4d5156; line-height: 1.58; max-width: 48em;"><span class="aCOpRe" style="line-height: 1.58; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span class="f" style="color: #70757a; line-height: 1.58;">Nov 4, 2019 — </span>According to science, <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">yes</span> – <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">happiness</span>, indeed, has a heritable component. ... <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">But</span> it's also not surprising because <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">if</span> our <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">genes</span> play a part in ...</span></div><div data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQ2Z0BMBR6BAgnEAk" id="eob_53" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="m6a0l" jsdata="fxg5tf;;CFvTU8"></div></div></div><div class="g" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-top: 0px; width: 600px;"><div class="rc" data-hveid="CCUQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQFSgAMBV6BAglEAA" style="position: relative;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.58;"><a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/309537" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/309537&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQFjAVegQIJRAC" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #660099; text-decoration-line: none;"><br /><h3 class="LC20lb DKV0Md" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 4px 0px 0px;">Happiness gene: Does it exist? - Medical News Today</h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre" style="display: inline-block; left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: none; top: 0px;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;">www.medicalnewstoday.com<span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" style="color: #5f6368; white-space: nowrap;"> › articles</span></cite></div></a><div class="B6fmyf" style="height: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; visibility: hidden; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;"><span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" style="color: #5f6368;"></span></cite></div><div class="eFM0qc" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 1px; visibility: visible;"><div class="action-menu" style="display: inline; margin: 1px 3px 0px; position: relative; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" aria-label="Result Options" class="GHDvEf" data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQ7B0wFXoECCUQBQ" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Is+Happiness+Genetic+and+if+so%2C+What+Percent%3F&rlz=1C1DKCZ_enUS914US914&oq=Is+Happiness+Genetic+and+if+so%2C+What+Percent%3F&aqs=chrome..69i57.1780j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b21" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); 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color: #3c4043; display: block; outline: 0px; padding: 7px 18px; text-decoration-line: none;"></a></li></ol></div></div></div></div><div class="IsZvec" style="color: #4d5156; line-height: 1.58; max-width: 48em;"><span class="aCOpRe" style="line-height: 1.58; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">So</span>, although the study of <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">happiness</span> might, at first glance, appear whimsical, it is ... However, the researchers warn that <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">genes</span> are not the whole story <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">when</span> it ...</span></div><div data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQ2Z0BMBV6BAglEAg" id="eob_51" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="m6a0l" jsdata="fxg5tf;;CFvTU0"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="bottomads"></div><div id="botstuff"><div data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQCHoECBUQMQ"><div id="bres"></div><div data-hveid="CBQQAA" id="brs" style="margin-bottom: 28px;"><g-section-with-header style="display: block; margin: 0px;"><div class="e2BEnf U7izfe mfMhoc" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px 0px 12px;"><h3 aria-level="2" class="med" role="heading" style="color: #202124; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 8px;">Searches related to Is Happiness Genetic and if so,how much </h3></div><div class="card-section"><div class="brs_col" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin-top: -1px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 1px; vertical-align: top;"><p class="nVcaUb" style="clear: both; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1DKCZ_enUS914US914&sxsrf=ALeKk02ZmWyJFQeDdwK3Zo9qt23LhHi4-Q:1606862804675&q=what+percent+of+happiness+is+genetic&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQ1QIoAHoECBQQAQ" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #660099; display: inline-block; float: left; padding: 3px 32px 3px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">what percent <b>of</b> happiness is genetic</a></p><p class="nVcaUb" style="clear: both; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1DKCZ_enUS914US914&sxsrf=ALeKk02ZmWyJFQeDdwK3Zo9qt23LhHi4-Q:1606862804675&q=what+percentage+of+your+happiness+is+under+your+control%3F&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQ1QIoAXoECBQQAg" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #660099; display: inline-block; float: left; padding: 3px 32px 3px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">what <b>percentage of your</b> happiness is <b>under your control?</b></a></p><p class="nVcaUb" style="clear: both; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1DKCZ_enUS914US914&sxsrf=ALeKk02ZmWyJFQeDdwK3Zo9qt23LhHi4-Q:1606862804675&q=genes,+economics,+and+happiness+analysis&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQ1QIoAnoECBQQAw" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #660099; display: inline-block; float: left; padding: 3px 32px 3px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><b>genes, economics,</b> and happiness <b>analysis</b></a></p><p class="nVcaUb" style="clear: both; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1DKCZ_enUS914US914&sxsrf=ALeKk02ZmWyJFQeDdwK3Zo9qt23LhHi4-Q:1606862804675&q=50-40-10+happiness&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQ1QIoA3oECBQQBA" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #660099; display: inline-block; float: left; padding: 3px 32px 3px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><b>50-40-10</b> happiness</a></p></div><div class="brs_col" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin-top: -1px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 1px; vertical-align: top;"><p class="nVcaUb" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1DKCZ_enUS914US914&sxsrf=ALeKk02ZmWyJFQeDdwK3Zo9qt23LhHi4-Q:1606862804675&q=what+percentage+of+happiness+is+under+your+control&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQ1QIoBHoECBQQBQ" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #660099; display: inline-block; float: left; padding: 3px 32px 3px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">what <b>percentage of</b> happiness is <b>under your control</b></a></p><p class="nVcaUb" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1DKCZ_enUS914US914&sxsrf=ALeKk02ZmWyJFQeDdwK3Zo9qt23LhHi4-Q:1606862804675&q=can+happiness+be+genetic&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQ1QIoBXoECBQQBg" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #660099; display: inline-block; float: left; padding: 3px 32px 3px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><b>can</b> happiness <b>be</b> genetic</a></p><p class="nVcaUb" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1DKCZ_enUS914US914&sxsrf=ALeKk02ZmWyJFQeDdwK3Zo9qt23LhHi4-Q:1606862804675&q=genetics+effect+on+happiness&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQ1QIoBnoECBQQBw" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #660099; display: inline-block; float: left; padding: 3px 32px 3px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><b>genetics effect on</b> happiness</a></p><p class="nVcaUb" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px;"></p></div></div></g-section-with-header></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2a2a2a; margin-bottom: 4px;"><h3 aria-level="2" class="med" role="heading" style="color: #202124; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 8px;">What Percent?</h3></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2a2a2a; margin-bottom: 4px;"><div class="IsZvec" style="color: #4d5156; line-height: 1.58; max-width: 48em;"><span class="aCOpRe" style="line-height: 1.58; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">Is Happiness Genetic and if so, What Percent</span>? Information About the Origins of Happiness; A Look ...</span><div class="jYOxx" style="margin-top: 0px;"><div class="HiHjCd" style="color: #70757a;"><a href="https://positivepsychology.com/is-happiness-genetic/#origins-happiness" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://positivepsychology.com/is-happiness-genetic/%23origins-happiness&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQ0gIoADANegQIAxAL" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #660099; text-decoration-line: none;">Information About the ...</a> · <a href="https://positivepsychology.com/is-happiness-genetic/#change-with-age" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://positivepsychology.com/is-happiness-genetic/%23change-with-age&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQ0gIoATANegQIAxAM" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #660099; text-decoration-line: none;">How Does Happiness ...</a> · <a href="https://positivepsychology.com/is-happiness-genetic/#can-be-achieved" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://positivepsychology.com/is-happiness-genetic/%23can-be-achieved&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQ0gIoAjANegQIAxAN" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #660099; text-decoration-line: none;">Ways Happiness Can Be ...</a></div></div></div></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.58;"><a href="https://www.insider.com/is-happiness-genetic" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.insider.com/is-happiness-genetic&ved=2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQFjAOegQIARAC" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); text-decoration-line: none;"><h3 class="LC20lb DKV0Md" style="color: #660099; display: inline-block; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 4px 0px 0px;">and what ...</h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre" style="display: inline-block; left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: none; top: 0px;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;"><span class="dyjrff qzEoUe"><span style="color: #202124;">In</span></span><span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" style="color: #5f6368; white-space: nowrap;">ealth › Health Reference</span></cite></div></a><div class="B6fmyf" style="color: #2a2a2a; height: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; visibility: hidden; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;"><span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" style="color: #5f6368;"></span></cite></div><div class="eFM0qc" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 1px; visibility: visible;"><div class="action-menu" style="display: inline; margin: 1px 3px 0px; position: relative; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" aria-label="Result Options" class="GHDvEf" data-ved="2ahUKEwiRkrO17q3tAhVMHTQIHR3fA5wQ7B0wDnoECAEQBw" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Is+Happiness+Genetic+and+if+so%2C+What+Percent%3F&rlz=1C1DKCZ_enUS914US914&oq=Is+Happiness+Genetic+and+if+so%2C+What+Percent%3F&aqs=chrome..69i57.1780j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b14" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); 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color: #3c4043; display: block; outline: 0px; padding: 7px 18px; text-decoration-line: none;"></a></li></ol></div></div></div></div></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2a2a2a; margin-bottom: 4px;"><div><br /></div></li></ul>Tom Merlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09948201337303721158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27720304.post-43687366881013402972020-07-20T23:01:00.002-07:002020-07-20T23:02:25.909-07:00Marriage and Money: How Much Does Marriage Explain the Growing Class Divide in Happiness? <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: minion-pro, Georgia, serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: 17.6px;">by Jean Twenge, @JEAN_TWENGE</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 17.6px;"><br /></span><a href="https://ifstudies.org/blog/marriage-and-money-how-much-does-marriage-explain-the-growing-class-divide-in-happiness">https://ifstudies.org/blog/marriage-and-money-how-much-does-marriage-explain-the-growing-class-divide-in-happiness</a></div>
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What makes us happy? Many people would answer spending time with friends and family. But as it turns out, money can make a difference, too: There is happiness in not having to worry about paying your bills and in living in a comfortable and safe home.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: minion-pro, Georgia, serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; padding: 0px;">
In <a href="http://doi.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Femo0000774" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #00aaeb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.15s ease-in-out 0s;">a recent analysis</a> of 40,000 Americans over age 30 in the General Social Survey, we found that people with more money were happier, as were people with more education and more prestigious jobs. </div>
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But that wasn’t the end of the story. Because the survey data went back to the 1970s, we were able to measure whether the link between happiness and money changed over time. It has: happiness is now more strongly linked to money than it once was. Happiness is also more strongly linked to education and job prestige, other measures of socioeconomic status (SES). </div>
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Among White Americans, the happiness of lower-SES people decreased over time as the happiness of higher-SES people stayed steady. Among Black Americans, the happiness of higher-SES people increased as the happiness of lower-SES people stayed the same. In both cases, the class gap in happiness widened between the 1970s and the 2010s. So not only does money seem to buy happiness, but it buys more than it used to.</div>
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The question is: Why? Income inequality is one reason: The divide between the rich and poor is much larger than it used to be. However, relationships also make a difference to happiness—more specifically, marriage.</div>
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Over time, the class gap in marriage rates has widened. While marriage rates (the percentage of people who are married) once differed very little between White Americans with a college education and those without, marriage rates have declined more among those without a college degree (<em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">see Figure 1; this zeroes in on Whites to rule out any possibility that effects are due to race</em>). </div>
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<img alt="" src="https://ifstudies.org/ifs-admin/resources/figure1newtwenge-w640.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: 625px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: 640px;" /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: minion-pro, Georgia, serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; padding: 0px;">
This growing marriage gap matters for happiness because <a href="http://ifstudies.org/blog/are-married-people-still-happier" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #00aaeb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.15s ease-in-out 0s;">married people are happier than unmarried people</a> by a fairly large margin. In the GSS, for example, 42% of married Whites said they were very happy, compared to 22% of unmarried Whites; 33% of married Blacks said they were very happy, compared to 17% of unmarried Blacks (<em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">see Figure 2; this uses all of the data from 1972-2016</em>).</div>
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Over time, the number of unmarried people in the lower-SES group grew much faster than in the higher-SES group. The result: Less happiness among those with lower SES. Although marriage doesn’t account for the entire class gap, it does explain about half of it.</div>
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This data can’t answer the question of <a href="http://ifstudies.org/blog/does-marriage-really-make-us-healthier-and-happier" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #00aaeb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.15s ease-in-out 0s;">whether marriage causes happiness or happiness causes marriage</a>. Nevertheless, it does suggest that one reason for the growing class gap in happiness is the growing marriage gap by class. If some of the causation goes from marriage to happiness, then encouraging marriage might be one way to close the gap.</div>
Tom Merlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09948201337303721158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27720304.post-33415207581133693782020-06-12T12:24:00.002-07:002020-07-20T23:20:15.329-07:00Human eggs prefer some men's sperm over others, research shows<div class="article__info mb-2" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212438; display: flex; font-family: Quicksand, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important;">
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JUNE 9, 2020</div>
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by <a class="article-byline__link" href="http://www.su.se/english" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #a5a6b7; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Stockholm University</a></div>
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<div data-src="https://scx2.b-cdn.net/gfx/news/hires/2018/1-sperm.jpg" data-sub-html="Credit: CC0 Public Domain" data-thumb="https://scx1.b-cdn.net/csz/news/tmb/2018/1-sperm.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box;">
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<figure class="article-img" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;"><img alt="sperm" height="480" src="https://scx1.b-cdn.net/csz/news/800/2018/1-sperm.jpg" style="border-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; position: relative; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s; vertical-align: middle;" title="Credit: CC0 Public Domain" width="800" /><figcaption class="text-darken text-low-up text-truncate-js text-truncate mt-3" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #71738b; font-size: 1rem !important; margin-top: 1rem !important; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;">Credit: CC0 Public Domain</figcaption></figure></div>
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Human eggs use chemical signals to attract sperm. New research from Stockholm University and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust shows that eggs use these chemical signals to choose sperm. Different women's eggs attract different men's sperm—and not necessarily their partner's.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.25rem;">Humans spend a lot of time and energy choosing their partner. A new study by researchers from Stockholm University and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (MFT) shows that choosing your partner continues even after sex—</span><a class="textTag" href="https://phys.org/tags/human+eggs/" rel="tag" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-size: 1.25rem;">human eggs</a><span style="font-size: 1.25rem;"> can "choose" sperm.</span></div>
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"Human <a class="textTag" href="https://phys.org/tags/eggs/" rel="tag" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;">eggs</a> release chemicals called chemoattractants that attract sperm to unfertilized eggs. We wanted to know if eggs use these <a class="textTag" href="https://phys.org/tags/chemical+signals/" rel="tag" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;">chemical signals</a> to pick which sperm they attract," said John Fitzpatrick, an Associate Professor at Stockholm University.</div>
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The researchers examined how sperm respond to follicular fluid, which surrounds eggs and contains sperm chemoattractants. The researchers wanted to find out if follicular fluids from different females attracted sperm from some males more than others.</div>
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<div data-src="https://scx2.b-cdn.net/gfx/news/hires/2020/humaneggspre.jpg" data-sub-html="Dr John Fitzpatrick, Wallenberg Academy Fellow, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University. Credit: Magnus Bergström/Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation" data-thumb="https://scx1.b-cdn.net/csz/news/tmb/2020/humaneggspre.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box;">
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<figure class="article-img text-center" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; text-align: center !important;"><img alt="Human eggs prefer some men's sperm over others, research shows" src="https://scx1.b-cdn.net/csz/news/800/2020/humaneggspre.jpg" style="border-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; position: relative; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;" title="Dr John Fitzpatrick, Wallenberg Academy Fellow, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University. Credit: Magnus Bergström/Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation" /><figcaption class="text-left text-darken text-truncate text-low-up mt-3" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #71738b; font-size: 1rem !important; margin-top: 1rem !important; overflow: hidden; text-align: left !important; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;">Dr John Fitzpatrick, Wallenberg Academy Fellow, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University. Credit: Magnus Bergström/Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation</figcaption></figure></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;">Microscopic mate choice</span></div>
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"Follicular fluid from one female was better at attracting sperm from one male, while <a class="textTag" href="https://phys.org/tags/follicular+fluid/" rel="tag" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;">follicular fluid</a> from another female was better at attracting sperm from a different male," said Professor Fitzpatrick.</div>
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"This shows that interactions between human eggs and sperm depend on the specific identity of the women and men involved."</div>
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The egg does not always agree with the women's choice of partner. The researchers found that eggs did not always attract more sperm from their partner compared to sperm from another male.</div>
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Is this egg or sperm choice? Professor Fitzpatrick explained that sperm have only one job—to fertilize eggs—so it doesn't make sense for them to be choosy. Eggs on the other hand can benefit by picking high quality or genetically compatible sperm.</div>
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"The idea that eggs are choosing sperm is really novel in human fertility," said Professor Daniel Brison, the scientific director of the Department of Reproductive Medicine at Saint Marys' Hospital, which is part of MFT, and the senior author of this study.</div>
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The University of Manchester Honorary Professor added: "Research on the way eggs and <a class="textTag" href="https://phys.org/tags/sperm/" rel="tag" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;">sperm</a> interact will advance fertility treatments and may eventually help us understand some of the currently 'unexplained' causes of infertility in couples."</div>
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"I'd like to thank every person who took part in this study and contributed to these findings, which may benefit couples struggling with infertility in future."</div>
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The article "Chemical signals from eggs facilitate <a class="textTag" href="https://phys.org/tags/cryptic+female+choice/" rel="tag" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none;">cryptic female choice</a> in humans" is published in the scientific journal <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Proceedings of the Royal Society B</i>.</div>
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Tom Merlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09948201337303721158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27720304.post-14760604444077217312020-05-12T11:07:00.001-07:002020-06-12T13:31:26.076-07:00Race and the Virus | Glenn Loury & John McWhorter [The Glenn Show]<h1 class="title style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer" style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249); border: 0px; color: var(--ytd-video-primary-info-renderer-title-color, var(--yt-spec-text-primary)); font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: var(--ytd-video-primary-info-renderer-title-font-size, var(--yt-navbar-title-font-size, inherit)); font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.4rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 4.8rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-shadow: var(--ytd-video-primary-info-renderer-title-text-shadow, none); transform: var(--ytd-video-primary-info-renderer-title-transform, none);">
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<span class="style-scope ytd-comment-renderer" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 1.3rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-comment-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwtc7dv-mlzDA0rQcODmxDQ" id="author-text" style="cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 1.3rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-right: 4px; text-decoration-line: none;">The Cognitive Rambler</a></span><yt-formatted-string class="published-time-text above-comment style-scope ytd-comment-renderer" has-link-only_="" style="--yt-endpoint-color: $yt-spec-text-secondary; --yt-endpoint-visited-color: $yt-spec-text-secondary; color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); font-size: var(--ytd-thumbnail-attribution_-_font-size); font-weight: var(--ytd-thumbnail-attribution_-_font-weight); line-height: var(--ytd-thumbnail-attribution_-_line-height); text-transform: var(--ytd-thumbnail-attribution_-_text-transform); white-space: nowrap;"><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wkuxgensr4&lc=UgzWS1w7S3nboox6QKJ4AaABAg" spellcheck="false" style="cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; text-decoration: var(--yt-endpoint-text-regular-decoration, none);">3 weeks ago</a></yt-formatted-string><br />
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<yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-comment-renderer" id="content-text" slot="content" split-lines="" style="--yt-endpoint-color: var(--yt-spec-call-to-action); --yt-endpoint-hover-color: var(--yt-spec-call-to-action); --yt-endpoint-visited-color: var(--yt-spec-call-to-action); color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); font-size: var(--ytd-user-comment_-_font-size); font-weight: var(--ytd-user-comment_-_font-weight); line-height: 2rem; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">I see Glenn & John, I watch. To comment on what it is; John's awesome, yes, but it's just the chemistry you two have in conversation. You have a lot of mutual respect, but also a lot of area where you guys are able to disagree. You guys are exemplars of debate done right where your pluralism of ideas doesn't get in the way of your friendship, mutual respect, and earnest willingness to listen to each other.</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-comment-renderer" slot="content" split-lines="" style="line-height: 2rem;"><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></span></yt-formatted-string></span></yt-formatted-string><br />
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<yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-comment-renderer" id="content-text" slot="content" split-lines="" style="--yt-endpoint-color: var(--yt-spec-call-to-action); --yt-endpoint-hover-color: var(--yt-spec-call-to-action); --yt-endpoint-visited-color: var(--yt-spec-call-to-action); color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); font-size: var(--ytd-user-comment_-_font-size); font-weight: var(--ytd-user-comment_-_font-weight); line-height: 2rem; white-space: pre-wrap;">There is a physiological basis for the high mortality in the black community. Chronic vitamin D deficiency is a cause for many preexisting conditions, including hypertension, asthma, and heart disease. You cannot make vitamin D during the fall and winter if you live at latitudes above the 37th parallel(NYC, Chicago, etc...). Plus, dark skinned people need up to 6 times the dose of sunlight to make the same amount of vitamin D that a fair skinned caucasian would make. If you are vitamin D deficient you are immune compromised. Combine vitamin D deficiency, a historically poor diet, and the fact that many black folks work in the service industry which increases their exposure to high viral loads, and boom, we got problems.</yt-formatted-string></div>
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Tom Merlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09948201337303721158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27720304.post-19368623673575412062020-05-12T10:55:00.001-07:002020-05-12T10:57:56.342-07:00Transparency and disclosure, neutrality and balance: shared values or just shared words? Sander Greenland<br /><br /><a href="https://sci-hub.tw/10.1136/jech-2011-200459">https://sci-hub.tw/10.1136/jech-2011-200459</a><br />
<br />
ABSTRACT
Values influence choice of methodology and thus influence
every risk assessment and inference. To deal with this
inescapable reality, we need to replace vague and
unattainable calls for objectivity with more precise
operational qualities. Among qualities that seem widely
valued are transparency (openness) and neutrality (balance,
fairness). Conformity of researchers to these qualities may
be evaluated by considering whether their reports disclose
key information desired by readers and whether their
methodology encourages initial neutrality among
hypotheses of concern. A case study is given in which two
authors appearing to share these values and writing on
ostensibly the same issues (disclosure and methodology)
nonetheless appear to have very different concepts of what
the values entail in practice. Thus, more precision is needed
in explicating and implementing such values.<br />
<br />
NTRODUCTION
A major assumption underlying statistical methods
(whether frequentist or Bayesian) is the absence of
uncontrolled bias. This assumption is an ideal that
is almost never satisfied in the design, data collection, and analysis of health and social science data;
even randomised trials are vulnerable. Thus, by
focusing on conventional statistics, epidemiologists
may develop overconfident inferences about effects
that are not so large as to be obvious.1 Indeed, high
confidence in epidemiological inferences may often
be as misplaced as the overconfident informal
judgements seen in psychology experiments.2 3
This overconfidence can be mitigated by examining
specific characteristics of study design, conduct and
analysis potentially related to bias.1
A more uncomfortable point is that investigators
and their communities are often a major source of
bias.4e8 Even for honest investigators, cognitive
bias is unavoidable because it is hard-wired and
essential for real-world functioning. Among the
reasons is that there are always too many physically possible explanations to consider. Thus, we
must exclude most explanations via our initial fact
and methods claims. But those claims are subjective, and one person’s accepted facts and methods
may be another person’s rubbish, or may later be
recognised as rubbish by everyone.
For example, any given data set might have been
fabricated or altered with deceptive intent. We
never mention this possibility in reviews, as it
usually seems implausible. Even if we found it
plausible, reviewers would object to raising suspicions without airtight evidence of fraud. We thus
have a methodological bias towards assuming basic
data integrity. The consequences of this bias can be
serious: in one incident, it was found that an
investigator fabricated 21 studies favourable to his
research sponsors and his non-existent studies were
used to guide practice.9 Colleagues reported these
studies had been ‘particularly influential’ and said
they were ‘shocked by the news’. ‘Shock’ means
that the fraud revelation went strongly against
their bias, which was towards presuming that
integrity plus fear of discovery would have
prevented the fraud, or at least that routine checks
would have revealed it sooner.
However, not everyone was shocked, because the
historical record does not support a presumption of
innocence in science.10 Literature overviews sustain
concerns that the biomedical literature is affected
more subtly but seriously by funding bias7 and
selective-publication bias.11 12 Some incidents
suggest that investigator bias can be larger than
any other bias and often encourages adoption
and maintenance of ineffective or even deadly
treatments.13 Speaking of the general medical literature, one journal editor said ‘Far too much of the
medical literature sits somewhere between unregulated advertising and abject fraud as authors, motivated by a host of factors other than determining the
truth, push onto the community papers that reflect
neither what was done nor what is likely the truth.’
i
Here, however, I would like to focus on sources
of investigator bias more subtle than fraud or other
intentional deception: the influence and conflicting
interpretations of scientific values (ideals) on
avowed methodology and disclosures.<br />
<br />
SOURCES AND TYPES OF INVESTIGATOR BIAS
Because of the sensitivity of the topic, it may be
useful to classify investigator biases according to
their likelihood of intentionally deceptive versus
innocent (but nonetheless harmful) bias. Outright
data fabrication requires deceptive intent. While
there is a deceptive element in failure to publish
undesirable results, such failure may arise from an
unshakeable belief in the hypothesis the data
contradict, making such acts more in the realm of
prejudicial, unfair or biased behaviour. Similarly,
manipulation and selection of statistical results and
biased emphases in methodology and discussion of
results may reflect unchecked prejudices rather
than deceptive intent. Variants of this problem
have long been discussed under headings such as
wish bias4 and interpretive bias.ii 6
1
Department of Epidemiology,
University of California, Los
Angeles, California, USA
2
Department of Statistics,
University of California, Los
Angeles, California, USA
Correspondence to
Professor Sander Greenland,
Department of Epidemiology
and Statistics, University of
California, Los Angeles, CA
90095-1772, USA;
lesdomes@ucla.edu
Accepted 16 November 2011
i
D Schriger, 2011, personal communication.
iiSee also numerous entries in Porta et al14 including auxiliary
hypothesis bias, cognitive dissonance bias, confirmation bias,
conflict of interest bias, disclosure of interests, epistemic
communities, epistemic cultures, interpretive bias, knowledge
construction, publication bias, rescue bias, sociology of scientific
knowledge.
Essay
J Epidemiol Community Health 2012;66:967–970. doi:10.1136/jech-2011-200459 967
Published Online First
20 January 2012
Even more innocently, incorrect methodological choices and
claims may reflect nothing more than accepted but harmful
habits, such as confusing ‘statistical significance’ with presence
of an effect, or confusing ‘non-significance’ with evidence of
absence of an effect.1 15e18 Such errors may be encouraged by
editors and reviewers, and lead to publication bias, for
example, in preferential reporting and acceptance of ‘statistically
significant’ results.11 19
To deal with investigator bias, we can consider signs such as
selective presentation of results or their possible explanations, or
arguing for directionally biased methodologies and evaluation
criteria. For example, it is not unusual to see insistence on
non-differentiality of classification error (eg, by forcing equal
misclassification rates for cases and non-cases) as a criterion for
study validity or quality, in the belief that the null bias it tends to
produce is superior to bias from differential errors. In reality, the
impact of non-differentiality is highly context-specific, and can be
harmful when compared with certain differential alternatives.20
Typical expected predictors or sources of investigator bias are
consulting and funding ties, one’s previous published conclusions, one’s ideology and wishful thinking. Even if we accept
these bias sources as common and influential, that does not
imply that they arise in everyone or in every setting. Nonetheless, it is often noted that we are all subject to unconscious
biases due to our values, as well the presumed facts and methodologies we have accepted (often uncritically) from our social
milieu. For example, unreserved preference for non-differential
error can reflect knowledge that it more often leads to null bias
(and thus will be favoured by those who regard false positives as
more harmful than false negatives), or it may also reflect no
more than uncritical acceptance of its alleged general superiority.
Only by asking for a rationale for the preference might we be
able to discriminate between the two, and thus determine
whether the preference is rote or instead reflects conscious
adoption of general values. In either case, the preference may be
enforced or reinforced during the peer-review process (even
when the preference reflects an error or bias in reasoning).
The influence of values on these preferences is inescapable. To
quote one author: ‘Values, I argue, are an essential part of
scientific reasoning, including social and ethical values. . While
no part of science can be held to be value free, constraints on
how the values are used in scientific reasoning are crucial to
preserving the integrity and reliability of science.’
21e26 We
should thus ask of any methodology and application: What
values are implicit in it, what is the impact of their adoption or
violation, and are they followed closely? More direct explication
of values will help the reader answer these questions.<br />
<br />
ABANDONING OBJECTIVITY FOR MORE ATTAINABLE
PROPERTIES
I maintain that treating ‘objectivity’ as a cure for or opposite of
bias is misguided. Consider this definition of objective conduct:
‘Objective: expressing or dealing with facts or conditions as
perceived, without distortion by personal feelings, prejudices or
interpretations’.
27 Perceptual distortion can be negligible in
physics, but is predominant in health science. It arises not only
from personal prejudices, but also from cognitive biases and
values built into methodologies that investigators follow and
teach. Thus perceptual objectivity in the ordinary-English sense
is an unrealistic goal in scientific research22 23 even though it is
valued and thus claimed by most researchers. Worse, claims of
‘objectivity’ are often simply denial (to oneself as well as to
others) of subjectivity and values in one’s assessments and
methodology.28 29
The problem with ‘objectivity’ is that it is too complex,
ill-defined and unattainable (if not pretentious) to take as
a claim or goal. In response, we can replace dubious claims and
goals of objectivity with more precise, operational and
approachable characteristics. Two highly valued characteristics
of this sort are transparency (openness) and neutrality (fairness,
balance, symmetry), which appear in analytical jurisprudence
and arbitration. Reports that fail to disclose facts expected by
readers might be viewed as violating transparency, although the
bias implications of this violation may be subtle. Methodological
behaviors or guidelines that fail to treat competing hypotheses
or bias directions symmetrically may be taken as violating
neutrality, although some neutrality violations may be accepted
by all debate participants (eg, ignoring prevention hypotheses in
debates between causal and null hypotheses).
Neutrality violations may manifest as an upward or downward bias, or a bias towards or away from the null. Along either
dimension, the ultimate consequences depend on whether the
true effect at issue is causal, absent (null) or preventive. For
example, bias towards the null is harmless to validity if there is
no effect, but can be quite harmful if there is an important
effect; and the acceptability of null bias will depend on whether
one values avoiding false positives more than false negatives, or
vice-versa.
Given the complexity of typical settings, violations of transparency and neutrality are bound to occur, since we cannot
report every detail of study conduct given time and space limits
and thus must exercise judgement about what to report. For
example, a potentially twofold bias in a RR would be crucial in
evaluating estimates in the ¼ to 4 range (as is typical in studies
of ‘lifestyle’ factors), but could be inconsequential when evaluating estimates well beyond that range (as is typical in outbreak
investigations).
A CASE<br />
<br />
STUDY OF VALUES IN DISCLOSURE
In recognising the value-laden nature of research, I endorse
transparency (including full disclosure of potential conflicts of
interest) and neutrality, as do others. Weed30 calls transparency
one of ‘two general ethical values’ (accountability being the
other, which is not discussed here), and says that ‘disclosure of
interests is a central concern’ and ‘absolutely essential’.
31
We diverge on objectivity, however. Weed31 states ‘.it is
method that provides us with a claim to objectivity in this
value-laden world’. But in the same journal issue I reject human
objectivity as chimerical, stating ‘Even though I regard the idea
of a singular truth as fundamental to science (just as it is to
religion), I also think everything we claim to be knowledge is
subjective and hence vulnerable to personal bias’
7
; that is, the
existence of objective reality in no way implies the existence of
personal objectivity. I then lament that ‘. the illusion of
objectivity is buttressed by rigid statistical [and methodological]
conventions that prey upon and feed human cravings for
certainty [and righteousness]. these conventions have
profound biases and value judgments (e.g., favoring false negatives over false positives) built into their core. These biases and
values are not shared by all stakeholders in methodological,
subject-matter or ethical debates.’
Values complicate a critical evaluation of disclosures.
Depending on their values, different readers may find different
details important to disclose. Furthermore, the authors themselves may very well have a stake in what is and isn’t revealed in
their disclosures, thus raising a conflict of interest when (as
usual) the decision of what to disclose rests largely with authors.
Essay
968 J Epidemiol Community Health 2012;66:967–970. doi:10.1136/jech-2011-200459
These and other issues may come into sharper focus in specific
examples where details relevant to some readers are omitted.
Transparency of disclosures: easier said than done?
Given that Weed31 and I7 both endorse disclosures, it is interesting to critically examine those given in the cited articles.
Weed was a salaried employee of the US National Cancer
Institute and so declares ‘Funding: For over two decades I was
funded by the National Cancer Institute.’ He then declares
‘Competing interests: I have received no compensation from any
source for writing this editorial’, and ‘Disclosures: I am now in
the private practice of epidemiology.’ These declarations leave
open the questions of current funding and what clients and
topics are served in private practice, since these specifics reveal
potential conflicts of interest.
The disclosure in Greenland7 also neglects information that
others might want. Since I also had no funding for my article, I
simply omitted the funding statement and declared no
competing interests. Instead, my potential conflicts were listed
as rather non-specific ‘Disclosures: The author does consulting
for both plaintiffs and defendants in litigation involving epidemiologic and statistical evidence, has done a number of studies
that were motivated by such litigation, and has done a number
of industry-sponsored studies.’ Outside observers might instead
want to know specific facts. Relevant to this example, Weed has
served as an industry-defence expert in cases involving asbestos,
PCBs, hairsprays, pharmaceuticals, etc, while I have served as
petitioner’s expert in vaccine-autism (albeit I opined against the
petitioner’s causal claim), and as plaintiff expert against manufacturers of medical devices, pharmaceuticals and other products.
Detailed listing of histories in every publication could be
tedious as well as wasteful of space; hence, for transparency one
could have registration of consults, so that disclosures could cite
complete listings at a central registration website.iii Alternatively, journals could mandate complete current listings as
online disclosure supplements. Nonetheless, it would be hard to
determine what should be included and when the burden of
supplying details becomes too onerous to outweigh any benefit
(eg, stock ownership through mutual funds). Furthermore, there
are no meaningful resources for enforcement, so that those who
wish to conceal conflicts could easily do so. Another problem
with extensive disclosure is that key conflicts of interest for
a given report would likely be buried within such detail, so that
casual readers would not be alerted to such problems. Further
discussions of these and other disclosure issues can be found in
the August 2009 issue of this journal.32e35<br />
<br />
DOES NEUTRALITY REQUIRE SYMMETRY?
Turning to implementations of ‘balanced and fair’ or ‘neutrality,’
in the sense of trying to minimise the influence of values, the
following example is illuminating. Weed31 describes a ‘good
epidemiologist’ as ‘balanced and fair’, which might be interpreted as a neutrality endorsement and thus a point of agreement between us. Nonetheless, Weed et al36 later stated ‘We
examined examples of questionable causal claims and practices
in causal inference. By questionable it is meant not consistent
with good methodologic practice.’ Their statement raises the question: good practice by whose methodology? This question is
important because there appears to be marked divergences
between their methodology and other methodologies, including
mine.
Their eight examples of questionable causal claims include as
item 5 ‘Causal claims in the absence of statistically significant
elevated risks’. Labelling such claims as questionable seems to
ignore scores of articles and many books over the past 70 years
criticising ‘statistical significance’, especially arbitrary 0.05-level
criteria (eg, Chapter 10 in ref. 1;15e18 37). Even the US Supreme
Court has ruled unanimously that statistical significance is not
the same as material significance, noting that ‘medical professionals and regulators act on the basis of evidence of causation
that is not statistically significant’ and that companies and
courts must consider ‘the source, content and context of the
reports’.
38
Setting aside this objection to Weed et al’s
36 item 5, we may
evaluate the neutrality of their list by asking whether it is
symmetric in its concerns, that is, whether it addresses the
mirror of each problem raised. The mirror of item 5 would be to
claim no causation from the absence of statistical significance,
even when the actual statistical evidence leans towards causation. This is a common methodological error.1 15 17 As Hill39
warned, too often ‘we weaken our capacity to interpret data and
to take reasonable decisions whatever the value of p. And far too
often we deduce “no difference” from “no significant difference”.’
A related fallacy is to assume there is no association if there is
absence of information.iv These mirrors of item 5 do not,
however, appear in Weed et al’s list.36
As an example, consider the following testimony abstracted
from a lawsuit involving a product X and disease Y.v Applying
my interpretation of neutrality, I wrote in my plaintiff report
that, based on the data limitations, ‘it is incorrect to claim that
the reports evaluated here demonstrate that X is not associated
with or never causes Y. Conversely, and for the same reasons,
these reports do not demonstrate that X is associated with or
causes Y.’ For his defence report, Weed30 wrote that ‘The
scientific evidence is insufficient to justify a valid and reliable
claim that X causes Y’, which appears consonant with my
second sentence. Nonetheless, his report does not state that the
evidence is also insufficient to claim that exposure to X does not
cause Y, and so is asymmetric in this sense.
Similar asymmetry is seen in certain other items in Weed
et al36 Their item 6 is ‘Causal claims from cherry-picked positive
associations’, but no mention is made of its mirror: Claims of no
causation from cherry-picked null or non-significant associations;
see Greenland41 for a prominent example. Their item 8 is
‘Overgeneralization: causal claims for groups of diseases (e.g., all
lymphopoietic cancers) or for a general category of exposure (e.g.,
pesticides)’. Unmentioned is undergeneralisation, such as failure
to apply evidence to related exposures or diseases, for example,
failure to consider effects of Premarin when considering effects of
synthetic oestradiol, or failure to consider causes of endometrial
hyperplasia when determining causes of endometrial cancer.
Such examples leave unclear whether ‘balanced and fair’
31
entails the symmetry intended in my neutrality value.
To summarise: (1) the failure to apply symmetry values
and consider ‘mirror’ biases is itself a form of bias, tilting
methodology towards one direction of results; and (2) this
methodological bias may arise from asymmetries in the values of
the proponents of the methodology. Thus, methodological
choices and preferences can reveal values of the proponents,
including those that lead to conflict with neutrality and
symmetry values.Tom Merlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09948201337303721158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27720304.post-77017293709050054232020-05-07T20:56:00.001-07:002020-05-07T20:56:07.576-07:00Why Are Marriage Rates Down? Study Blames Lack Of ‘Economically-Attractive’ Men<header class="entry-header" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #424242; font-family: "source sans pro", sans-serif; font-size: 20px;"><h1 class="entry-title" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 40px; letter-spacing: -0.025em; line-height: 1.25; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;"><a class="entry-author-link" href="https://www.studyfinds.org/author/janderer/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #424242; display: inline !important; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; padding: 12px 0px 12px 56px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;"><img alt="" class="avatar avatar-48 photo" height="48" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/dc5ed52a1d783e4d37447b90c5bea60c?s=48&d=mm&r=g" style="border-radius: 50%; border-style: none; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: auto; left: 0px; max-width: 100%; position: absolute; top: 0px;" width="48" /></a></h1><div class="post-intro" style="box-sizing: inherit; 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height: 42px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; min-width: 100%; width: 730.938px;"></iframe></div><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 600;">ITHACA, N.Y. — </span>Marriage rates have steadily declined over the past few decades, and now researchers from Cornell University are offering up a possible explanation: there just aren’t as many economically-attractive men for <a href="https://www.studyfinds.org/foodie-call-third-women-admit-dating-for-free-meal/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #e68149; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">unmarried women</a> to meet as there used to be.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Previous studies had attempted to answer why marriage rates are on the decline, but most focused solely on gender ratio discrepancies as opposed to looking into the specific socioeconomic characteristics that make a particular man and woman a <a href="https://www.studyfinds.org/not-so-money-honey-quarter-adults-have-lied-about-their-debt-to-new-love-interest/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #e68149; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">good match.</a></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">First, the study’s authors examined data collected on recent marriages between 2007-2012 and 2013-2017, gathered as part of the American Community Survey’s cumulative 5-year marriage statistics. That data was used to estimate the financial and sociodemographic characteristics of unmarried women’s potential husbands by creating economic profiles that resembled real husbands who had married comparable women. These potential husband estimates were then compared to actual population data on unmarried men across national, state, and local locations.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Researchers found that these estimated potential “dream” husbands had an average income about 58% higher than the actual unmarried men currently available to unmarried women. These synthetic husbands were also 30% more likely to be employed than real single men and 19% more likely to have a college degree.</p><p class="p1" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://www.getrevue.co/profile/studyfinds" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #e68149; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">CLICK HERE TO SUBSCRIBE TO OUR WEEKLY NEWSLETTER & GET THE LATEST STUDIES FROM STUDYFINDS.ORG BY EMAIL!</span></a></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">It was also observed that many racial and ethnic minorities, specifically African American women, seem to be dealing with especially low numbers of economically attractive potential mates. Additionally, women on both the low end and high end of the socioeconomic spectrum face a harder time finding an economically compatible mate.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">“Most American women hope to marry but current shortages of marriageable men–men with a stable job and a good income–make this increasingly difficult, especially in the current gig economy of unstable low-paying service jobs,” explains lead author Dr. Daniel T. Lichter of Cornell University, in a media <a href="https://newsroom.wiley.com/press-release/journal-marriage-and-family/do-unmarried-women-face-shortages-partners-us-marriage-mar" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #e68149; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">release.</a> “Marriage is still based on love, but it also is fundamentally an economic transaction. Many young men today have little to bring to the <a href="https://www.studyfinds.org/unmarried-heart-disease-death/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #e68149; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">marriage bargain</a>, especially as young women’s educational levels on average now exceed their male suitors.”</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">The <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jomf.12603" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #e68149; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">study</a> is published in the <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">Journal of Marriage and Family.</em></p></div>Tom Merlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09948201337303721158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27720304.post-29903996617306477722020-04-25T09:46:00.000-07:002020-06-12T13:05:52.257-07:00Heather Mac Donald on "Keeping the coronavirus death toll in perspective"<br />
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<article about="/opinion/healthcare/493370-keeping-the-coronavirus-death-toll-in-perspective" class="node-493370 node node-article view-mode-full clearfix" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Graphik Web", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" typeof="sioc:Item foaf:Document"><div class="content-with-sidebar-wrp" style="box-sizing: border-box;">
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As governors and mayors debate when to lift their coronavirus stay-at-home orders, public health experts predict a flood of deaths should businesses be allowed to reopen before universal testing or a vaccine for the disease is available. These are the same experts whose <a href="https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/coronavirus-pandemic-projection-models-proving-unreliable/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(42, 83, 193); box-sizing: border-box; color: #2b2c30; display: inline; outline: none; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">previous apocalyptic models</a> of coronavirus fatalities and <a href="https://www.powerlineblog.com/archives/2020/04/coronavirus-in-one-state-9.php" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(42, 83, 193); box-sizing: border-box; color: #2b2c30; display: inline; outline: none; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">shortages</a> of hospital beds and ventilators have proved wildly inaccurate. It may be useful to look at some numbers for perspective. </div>
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As of 3 p.m. Eastern on April 16, there were <a href="https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(42, 83, 193); box-sizing: border-box; color: #2b2c30; display: inline; outline: none; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">30,920 coronavirus deaths</a> in the U.S. New York state accounted for 14,198 — or 46 percent — of those deaths. New York City accounted for <a href="https://www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/covid/covid-19-data.page#download" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(42, 83, 193); box-sizing: border-box; color: #2b2c30; display: inline; outline: none; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">11,477 of New York state’s deaths and 37 percent</a> of national deaths. This week, New York City <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/10/nyregion/new-york-coronavirus-death-count.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(42, 83, 193); box-sizing: border-box; color: #2b2c30; display: inline; outline: none; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">started counting</a> deaths as coronavirus fatalities if the patient had not been tested for the disease but was suspected postmortem of having it. This relaxed standard increased the U.S. death count <a href="https://www.msn.com/en-sg/news/us/nyc-announces-3700-probable-new-coronavirus-deaths-taking-the-total-over-10000-after-reclassifying-victims-that-are-assumed-to-have-been-killed-by-virus-but-were-never-tested/ar-BB12DjRB?li=BBr8Mkj&srcref=rss" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(42, 83, 193); box-sizing: border-box; color: #2b2c30; display: inline; outline: none; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">by 17 percent</a>. Other jurisdictions will inevitably follow suit. </div>
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The national coronavirus deaths represent a death rate of 9.4 per 100,000 of the U.S. population. Take out the New York fatalities and the New York share of the national population, and the coronavirus death rate for the rest of the country is 5.4 per 100,000 of the U.S. population.</div>
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In 2018, there were 2.8 million deaths in the U.S. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db355.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(42, 83, 193); box-sizing: border-box; color: #2b2c30; display: inline; outline: none; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">from all causes.</a> That is a death rate of 723.6 per 100,000, 77 times the national coronavirus death rate. The death rate for heart disease in 2018 was 163.6 per 100,000, or 17.4 times the national coronavirus death rate. (There were 647,457 <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_09-508.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(42, 83, 193); box-sizing: border-box; color: #2b2c30; display: inline; outline: none; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">heart disease deaths</a> in 2017, the last year for which such numbers are available.) The influential Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation model is <a href="http://www.healthdata.org/covid/updates" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(42, 83, 193); box-sizing: border-box; color: #2b2c30; display: inline; outline: none; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">now predicting</a> 68,841 U.S. coronavirus deaths by August. Even if this latest estimate is accurate for once, that would make for a death rate of about 21 per 100,000, comparable to the 21.4 per 100,000 death rate for diabetes in 2018. </div>
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The year 2018 saw 708,000 deaths every three months. We are destroying tens of millions of people’s livelihoods for 30,000 deaths over three months, a number that will barely move the needle on the all-cause death count. The loss of each of those 30,000 victims is heartbreaking to their families and acquaintances, especially when the victim dies in isolation. </div>
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But the damage being wrought by the economic shutdown is also heartbreaking and is also a public health issue. New York Gov. <span class="rollover-people" data-behavior="rolloverpeople" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: relative;"><a class="rollover-people-link" data-nid="490139" href="https://thehill.com/people/andrew-cuomo" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2b2c30; display: inline-block; outline: none; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;">Andrew Cuomo</a></span> (D) announced on April 15 that New York would decide which businesses could reopen based on how “essential” they were. To its employees, every business is essential. The judgement of necessity is either arbitrary or political, as the forced closure of abortion clinics in several states demonstrates. </div>
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Many of the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/04/16/unemployment-claims-coronavirus/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(42, 83, 193); box-sizing: border-box; color: #2b2c30; display: inline; outline: none; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">22 million workers</a> who have been laid off recently (more than a tenth of the workforce) now have no way to pay their bills and are becoming desperate. There were more than <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/statedeaths.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(42, 83, 193); box-sizing: border-box; color: #2b2c30; display: inline; outline: none; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">67,000 drug overdose deaths</a> in 2018; these so-called deaths of despair will very likely increase this year. </div>
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Up to a third of small businesses may never reopen. The effects of the shutdown are cascading through every aspect of society in ways too complex to fully comprehend. Supply chains have been <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/24/scramble-medical-equipment-descends-into-chaos-us-states-hospitals-compete-rare-supplies/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(42, 83, 193); box-sizing: border-box; color: #2b2c30; display: inline; outline: none; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">thrown into chaos</a> by the mandated closures. Planning future production is almost impossible with consumer and business demand so unpredictable. Manufacturing output has seen the <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/interestrates/u-s-industrial-production-shows-steepest-drop-in-over-70-years-1029094614" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(42, 83, 193); box-sizing: border-box; color: #2b2c30; display: inline; outline: none; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">largest decline in more than 70 years</a>. Less developed countries that depend on exporting their raw materials face civil unrest if their populations remain unemployed. Poverty is the <a href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-7473947/Half-children-died-2017-worldwide-2000-poverty-traps-billions-people.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(42, 83, 193); box-sizing: border-box; color: #2b2c30; display: inline; outline: none; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">greatest cause of death</a> worldwide. The coronavirus panic will stunt the lives of millions of children across the globe. </div>
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To be concerned about the effects of the global shutdown is not to be indifferent to human suffering; it is to be moved by that suffering. Public health experts are understandably focused on one thing: using every possible mechanism to eradicate the virus. But balancing those efforts against other social needs lies outside their professional competence. Funding for current and future public health initiatives alone depends on keeping private economic activity alive, but the tax base is being decimated. </div>
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The outbreak in New York City is not a harbinger of things to come for the rest of the country. New York City combines a high immigrant population, high residential density and high use of public transport. Los Angeles and Orange counties in California also have large immigrant populations, but most of those immigrants travel by car, and they live in neighborhoods still characterized by the suburban bungalow. California has <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.kron4.com/health/coronavirus/california-coronavirus-death-toll-reaches-1000/&source=gmail&ust=1587320125149000&usg=AFQjCNG1l2b6o3uYMXW5G_8mglvAWxcQtA" href="https://www.kron4.com/health/coronavirus/california-coronavirus-death-toll-reaches-1000/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(42, 83, 193); box-sizing: border-box; color: #2b2c30; display: inline; outline: none; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">over 1,000 deaths </a>as of April 18; that number is not going to explode 13 times in the coming weeks to reach <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-18/new-york-reports-540-virus-deaths-in-24-hours-down-from-friday&source=gmail&ust=1587320125149000&usg=AFQjCNEDvzCaocIfLeb3ZIbRc2VnBfK4fQ" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-18/new-york-reports-540-virus-deaths-in-24-hours-down-from-friday" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(42, 83, 193); box-sizing: border-box; color: #2b2c30; display: inline; outline: none; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">New York State's 13,362</a>. Iowa had <a href="https://cbs2iowa.com/news/local/thursday-april-16-gov-kim-reynolds-holds-news-conference-at-11-am" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(42, 83, 193); box-sizing: border-box; color: #2b2c30; display: inline; outline: none; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">53 deaths</a> as of April 16. Should it be in lockdown? </div>
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New York is representative in two senses, however: the high proportion of <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/11/nyregion/nursing-homes-deaths-coronavirus.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(42, 83, 193); box-sizing: border-box; color: #2b2c30; display: inline; outline: none; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">nursing home deaths</a> and the profile of the deceased. Sixteen percent of New York’s coronavirus deaths occurred in nursing homes as of April 10. Nationwide, if a state is seeing a spike, it is happening in facilities for the elderly. More than 3,000 deaths nationwide are linked to such institutions, <a href="https://apnews.com/efbc89ad4533d40eabb22f4ebf846e48" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(42, 83, 193); box-sizing: border-box; color: #2b2c30; display: inline; outline: none; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">according to the Associated Press</a>. They serve a tragically and uniquely vulnerable population. The nursing home industry was already a national shame before this pandemic. Whether or not this high death rate forces a reconsideration of how Americans care for aging parents and how much they are willing to pay for that care, for now it is imperative that nursing homes step up their game regarding cleanliness and disinfection. </div>
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The coronavirus targets the elderly frail with preexisting morbidities, as had been apparent from the <a href="https://www.epicentro.iss.it/coronavirus/bollettino/Report-COVID-2019_17_marzo-v2.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(42, 83, 193); box-sizing: border-box; color: #2b2c30; display: inline; outline: none; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">highly detailed Italian data</a>. As of April 12 in New York City, 97 percent of all coronavirus deaths <a href="https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/imm/covid-19-daily-data-summary-deaths-04162020-1.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(42, 83, 193); box-sizing: border-box; color: #2b2c30; display: inline; outline: none; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">had serious preexisting conditions</a>, where the presence or absence of underlying conditions was known. The death rate for coronavirus among individuals 75 and older is <a href="https://www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/covid/covid-19-data.page#download" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(42, 83, 193); box-sizing: border-box; color: #2b2c30; display: inline; outline: none; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">63 times higher</a> than the death rate for New Yorkers aged 18 to 44. More than three-quarters of all deaths have been among people over 65 in New York City, a proportion replicated or exceeded elsewhere. This concentration of cases and deaths among the already sick elderly means that sweeping stay-at-home orders and business shutdowns are overly broad. </div>
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Future efforts should focus on protecting at-risk seniors, but businesses should be allowed to reopen at their discretion. Some may not if their employees don’t feel safe. Consumers have been so spooked by the nonstop media images of hazmat suits and hearses that they may stay away anyway. Nearly four-fifths of respondents in a <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/08/politics/cnn-poll-coronavirus-april-8/index.html?mod=article_inline" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(42, 83, 193); box-sizing: border-box; color: #2b2c30; display: inline; outline: none; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">CNN poll</a> taken April 3 through April 6 knew no one infected by the coronavirus, yet 47 percent thought it was likely that they or someone in their family would contract the disease — an unrealistic assessment of their risk. </div>
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On Wednesday, <a href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/andrew-cuomo-says-all-new-yorkers-must-wear-face-masks-in-public?source=facebook&via=desktop" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(42, 83, 193); box-sizing: border-box; color: #2b2c30; display: inline; outline: none; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Cuomo said</a> that the pandemic response will be over “when people know ‘I’m 100 percent safe, and I don’t have to worry about this.’” That 100 percent safety expectation is not how we conduct the rest of our lives. There are upward of <a href="https://ohsonline.com/articles/2019/02/18/nsc-motor-vehicle-deaths.aspx" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(42, 83, 193); box-sizing: border-box; color: #2a53c1; display: inline; outline: none; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">40,000 highway deaths a year</a> because we value our time and convenience more than the safety that could be achieved by lowering driving speeds to 25 miles an hour. </div>
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There will be more lives lost to the coronavirus, each of them tragic. But a greater tragedy is unfolding before us from this exclusive focus on one cause of death and the draconian measures being taken to avert it. </div>
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<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Heather Mac Donald is the Thomas W. Smith fellow at the Manhattan Institute and the author of <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Diversity-Delusion-Pandering-University-Undermine/dp/1250200911" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(42, 83, 193); box-sizing: border-box; color: #2b2c30; display: inline; outline: none; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">“The Diversity Delusion.”</a></em></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2b2c30; display: inline-block; margin: 0px 7px 0px 0px;">TAGS</span> <a href="https://thehill.com/events-facts/coronavirus" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; display: inline-block; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 7px 0px 0px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="coronavirus">CORONAVIRUS</a> <a href="https://thehill.com/person/andrew-cuomo" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; display: inline-block; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 7px 0px 0px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Andrew Cuomo">ANDREW CUOMO</a> <a href="https://thehill.com/province-or-state/new-york-city" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; display: inline-block; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 7px 0px 0px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New York City">NEW YORK CITY</a> <a href="https://thehill.com/province-or-state/new-york" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; display: inline-block; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 7px 0px 0px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New York">NEW YORK</a> <a href="https://thehill.com/province-or-state/california" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; display: inline-block; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 7px 0px 0px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="California">CALIFORNIA</a> <a href="https://thehill.com/social-tags/viruses" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; display: inline-block; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 7px 0px 0px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Viruses">VIRUSES</a> <a href="https://thehill.com/social-tags/pandemic" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; display: inline-block; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 7px 0px 0px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pandemic">PANDEMIC</a> <a href="https://thehill.com/social-tags/coronavirus-2019ncov-contagion" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; display: inline-block; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 7px 0px 0px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="#coronavirus #2019nCoV #contagion">#CORONAVIRUS #2019NCOV #CONTAGION</a> <a href="https://thehill.com/social-tags/death-rate" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; display: inline-block; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 7px 0px 0px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="death rate">DEATH RATE</a></div>
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Tom Merlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09948201337303721158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27720304.post-16812856878844847612020-04-25T09:43:00.001-07:002020-05-12T11:04:09.691-07:00What has caused the Flynn effect? Secular increases in the Development Quotients of infants<h1 class="Head u-font-serif u-h2 u-margin-s-ver" id="screen-reader-main-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #505050; font-family: NexusSerif, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Arial Unicode MS", serif !important; font-size: 1.5rem !important; font-weight: 400 !important; line-height: 1.333 !important; margin-bottom: 16px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 16px !important; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">
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Abstract</h2>
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Results of five studies show that during the second half of the twentieth century there were increases in the Development Quotients (DQs) of infants in the first two years of life. These gains were obtained for the Bayley Scales in the United States and Australia, and for the Griffiths Test in Britain. The average of 19 data points is a DQ gain of approximately 3.7 DQ points per decade. Similar gains of approximately 3.9 IQ points per decade have been present among preschool children aged 4–6 years. These gains are about the same as the IQ gains of school age students and adults on the Wechsler and Binet tests. This suggests that the same factor has been responsible for all these secular gains. This rules out improvements in education, greater test sophistication, etc. and most of the other factors that have been proposed to explain the Flynn effect. It is proposed that the most probable factor has been improvements in pre-natal and early post-natal nutrition.</div>
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Tom Merlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09948201337303721158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27720304.post-24278993363089237112020-04-05T17:35:00.002-07:002020-04-05T17:35:49.527-07:00Genetic and Environmental Influences on Cognition Across Development and Context<br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> Elliot M. Tucker-Drob, Daniel A. Briley, and K. Paige Harden
Department of Psychology and Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Abstract </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Genes account for between approximately 50% and 70% of the variation in cognition at the population level.
However, population-level estimates of heritability potentially mask marked subgroup differences. We review the
body of empirical evidence indicating that (a) genetic influences on cognition increase from infancy to adulthood,
and (b) genetic influences on cognition are maximized in more advantaged socioeconomic contexts (i.e., a Gene ×
Socioeconomic Status interaction). We discuss potential mechanisms underlying these effects, particularly transactional
models of cognitive development. Transactional models predict that people in high-opportunity contexts actively
evoke and select positive learning experiences on the basis of their genetic predispositions; these learning experiences,
in turn, reciprocally influence cognition. The net result of this transactional process is increasing genetic influence with
increasing age and increasing environmental opportunity<br /><br /><a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.841.3552&rep=rep1&type=pdf">http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.841.3552&rep=rep1&type=pdf</a></span>Tom Merlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09948201337303721158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27720304.post-88586698391898181972020-02-16T11:58:00.000-08:002020-02-16T12:04:29.495-08:00Yale Against Western Art<br />
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<article class="post-97321 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-art category-education category-top-stories" id="post-97321" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; float: none; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 0px 85px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><header class="entry-header" style="border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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Published on <a href="https://quillette.com/2020/02/13/yale-against-western-art/" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #191919; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">February 13, 2020</a></div>
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Yale against Western Art</h1>
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written by <a href="https://quillette.com/author/heather-mac-donald/" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #191919; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="All posts by Heather Mac Donald">Heather Mac Donald</a></div>
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<a href="https://quillette.com/2020/02/13/yale-against-western-art/" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #191919; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Permalink to Yale against Western Art"><img alt="" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image jetpack-lazy-image jetpack-lazy-image--handled" data-lazy-loaded="1" height="800" sizes="(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" src="https://d24fkeqntp1r7r.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/13194000/The_Harbor_of_La_Rochelle_by_Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot.jpeg" srcset="https://d24fkeqntp1r7r.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/13194000/The_Harbor_of_La_Rochelle_by_Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot.jpeg 1200w, https://d24fkeqntp1r7r.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/13194000/The_Harbor_of_La_Rochelle_by_Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot.jpeg 300w, https://d24fkeqntp1r7r.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/13194000/The_Harbor_of_La_Rochelle_by_Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot.jpeg 768w, https://d24fkeqntp1r7r.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/13194000/The_Harbor_of_La_Rochelle_by_Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot.jpeg 1024w, https://d24fkeqntp1r7r.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/13194000/The_Harbor_of_La_Rochelle_by_Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot.jpeg 840w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="1200" /></a></div>
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For decades, Yale offered a two-semester introductory sequence on the history of Western art. The fall semester spanned the ancient Middle East to the early Renaissance; the spring semester picked up from the High Renaissance through the present. Many Yale students were fortunate enough to take one or both of these classes while the late Vincent Scully was still teaching them; I was among those lucky students. Scully was a titanic, galvanizing presence, combining charismatic enthusiasm with encyclopedic knowledge. When the lights went down in the lecture hall, the large screen behind him, on which slides were projected, became the stage on which the mesmerizing saga of stylistic evolution played out. How did the austere geometry of Cycladic icons bloom into the full-bodied grandeur of the Acropolis’s Caryatids? Why were the rational symmetries of the Greek temple, blazing under Mediterranean light, replaced by the wild vertical outcroppings of the Gothic cathedral? What expressive possibilities were opened up by Giotto’s fresco cycle in the Arena Chapel?</div>
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Such questions, under Scully’s tutelage, became urgent and central to an understanding of human experience. Trips to the Yale Art Gallery supplemented his lectures, where it was hoped that in writing about an object in the collection, students would follow John Ruskin’s admonition that the “greatest thing a human soul ever does in this world is to <em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">see</em> something, and tell what it <em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">saw</em> in a plain way.” I chose to analyze Corot’s <em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Harbor at La Rochelle</em>, being particularly taken by the red cap of a stevedore, one of the few jewel colors in a landscape of silken silvers and transparent sky blues.</div>
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By 1974, when I enrolled at Yale, its faculty had long since abdicated one of its primary intellectual responsibilities. It observed a chaste silence about what undergraduates needed to study in order to have any hope of becoming even minimally educated; curricular selections, outside of a few broad distribution requirements, were left to students, who by definition did not know enough to choose wisely, except by accident. So it was that I graduated without having taken a single history course (outside of one distribution-fulfilling intellectual history class), despite easy access to arguably the strongest American history faculty in the country. Scully’s fall semester introductory art history course has been my anchor to the past, providing visual grounding in the development of Western civilization, around which it is possible to develop a broader sense of history.</div>
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But now, the art history department is junking the entire two-semester sequence, as the <em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yale Daily News</em> <a href="https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2020/01/24/art-history-department-to-scrap-survey-course/" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">reported last month</a>. Given the role that these two courses have played in exposing Yale undergraduates to the joys of scholarship and knowledge, one would think that the department would have amassed overwhelmingly compelling grounds for eliminating them. To the contrary, the reasons given are either laughably weak or at odds with the facts. The first reason is the most absurd: the course titles (“Introduction to the History of Art: Prehistory to the Renaissance” and “Introduction to the History of Art: Renaissance to the Present”). Art history chair Tim Barringer apparently thinks students will be fooled by those titles into thinking that other traditions don’t exist. “I don’t mistake a history of European painting for the history of all art in all places,” he primly told the <em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Daily News</em>. No one else would, either. But if the titles are such a trap for the Eurocentric unwary, the department could have simply added the word “European” before “Art” and been done with it. (Barringer, whose specialities include post-colonial and gender studies as well as Victorian visual culture, has been teaching the doomed second semester course—a classic example of the fox guarding the henhouse.)<br />
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Tom Merlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09948201337303721158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27720304.post-10323644849928469972020-02-05T10:46:00.003-08:002020-02-05T21:34:17.183-08:00Genetics Will Revolutionize Social Science<div class="clearfix byline-wrap" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 15px 0px 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Knowledge of which DNA strand does what will make it easier to judge which policies are effective</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.01em;">.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">By Charles Murray</span></div>
<span style="border: 0px; color: #333333; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i>Almost all human traits are partly heritable. That’s been known for decades. But until a few years ago, no one knew what specific bits of DNA code determine any given trait. Now, however, geneticists have identified at least a few hundred variants in the DNA code that are statistically associated with important traits such as intelligence, depression and risk tolerance. Over the next decade, they are on track to identify thousands of variants associated with dozens of traits. That achievement will open up the ability to score genetic potential on those traits and thereby revolutionize the social sciences.</i></span></div>
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<div class="paywall" style="border: 0px; font-family: "retina narrow", retina, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: exchange; font-size: 17px; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 17px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The methods of scoring are improving almost monthly, but the essence is simple. Each variant has a version (more precisely, one of the alleles in a single nucleotide polymorphism) associated with a small boost to the trait in question. If you add up those small boosts, you have a score for that trait, in the same sense that you have an IQ score if you add up all the correct answers to the questions on an IQ test. In the case of DNA variants, it is called a “polygenic score.”</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: exchange; font-size: 17px; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 17px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Polygenic scores are revolutionary because they are causal in only one direction. They don’t drop because tests make you nervous or rise because you grew up rich. They’re impervious to racism and other forms of prejudice. Socioeconomic and cultural environments can play an important role in how those bits of DNA are <em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">expressed,</em> but they don’t change the codes themselves. That means polygenic scores will offer social scientists something they’ve never had before: a secure place to stand in assessing what is innate and what is added by the environment.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: exchange; font-size: 17px; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 17px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Progress during the past five years has been rapid for many traits. In the case of IQ, the share of the variation in scores that can be explained from genetic material alone went from zero in 2015 to 5% in 2018 and 11% in 2019. That doesn’t tell us much about any individual’s IQ, but it’s enough to be useful in addressing many important issues.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: exchange; font-size: 17px; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 17px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">To illustrate, consider this fraught question that bears on public policy: What are the effects of socioeconomic disadvantage on IQ? Answers have been frustratingly uncertain. Measures of IQ in early childhood are not only unreliable but already contaminated by environmental effects before birth and during infancy. Polygenic scores for IQ are free of that contamination. They can then be compared with actual IQ scores.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: exchange; font-size: 17px; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 17px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Suppose that, a few years from now, it has been solidly established that adolescents from disadvantaged backgrounds have IQ scores that average 10 points lower than their genetic potential would have led us to expect. Confident new knowledge of that kind will energize the search for effective childhood interventions in ways we can scarcely imagine.</span></div>
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<div class="wsj-body-ad " style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; clear: left; display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: exchange; font-size: 17px; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 17px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Suppose instead it is found that the adolescent IQ scores of children from disadvantaged backgrounds are about the same as we’d expect from their polygenic scores. That will provide an incentive to foster human flourishing for people with lesser abilities—an issue that has been criminally ignored in our era’s insistence that all the children can be above average.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: exchange; font-size: 17px; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 17px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">I expect that the results will be somewhere in between. They will nonetheless teach us much about untapped potential that we don’t know now. More broadly, we will be able to demystify the role of the environment. As matters stand, many social scientists believe that the environment interacts in endlessly complicated ways with genes. Is that true?</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: exchange; font-size: 17px; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 17px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">When the environment is<em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></em> a pervasive and complex force, the comparisons of polygenic scores and actual behavior will reveal that complexity and be a rich source of information for future research. But it’s also possible—at least for some traits in some populations in some situations—that the role of the environment is neither complicated nor significant. That too would be an important finding.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: exchange; font-size: 17px; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 17px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">I don’t expect such analyses will be free of controversy. I am asserting that they are technically feasible, will be conducted within a few years, and will offer powerful tests of questions that have been argued for decades.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: exchange; font-size: 17px; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 17px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">I have presented an optimistic view of the coming genomic revolution. Some prominent scholars adamantly disagree. They argue that science is about understanding causal pathways. Complex social behaviors such as marriage and divorce are known to be partly heritable but they do not have a specific genetic etiology. In the words of one of the leading pessimists, psychologist Eric Turkheimer, causal explanations are not going to be found in individual bits of DNA “any more than explanations of plate tectonics can be found in the chemical composition of individual rocks.”</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: exchange; font-size: 17px; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 17px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">That is certainly true now and may remain so indefinitely. But social science has never been about causal pathways at the molecular level. Rather, it has been about explaining enough variation to achieve predictive validity. It’s a common situation, even in the hard sciences. The landmark discoveries of Galileo, Newton, Faraday and Maxwell were validated solely by their predictive validity. Predictive validity is what polygenic scores will give us.</span></div>
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<div class="wsj-body-ad " style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; clear: left; display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: exchange; font-size: 17px; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 17px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">We’re not there yet. I think the application of genomic data to social science questions is roughly where aviation was in 1908. The world’s best plane, the Wright Flyer, was little more than a toy. Yet within a decade, thousands of acrobatically maneuverable aircraft were flying high and fast over the battlefields of Europe.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: exchange; font-size: 17px; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 17px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The history of science allows one more prediction. When a scientific discipline gets a major new tool—such as the microscope or spectrometer—its eventual uses sprawl far beyond its original ones. Polygenic scores will be a similarly multipurpose tool, with open-ended potential for finding answers to questions today’s social scientists can’t even imagine.</span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: Exchange; font-size: 17px; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 17px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i>Mr. Murray is a scholar at the American Enterprise Institute and author of the new book “Human Diversity: The Biology of Gender, Race and Class,” from which this article is adapted.</i><br /><br /><a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/genetics-will-revolutionize-social-science-11580169106?mod=article_inline">https://www.wsj.com/articles/genetics-will-revolutionize-social-science-11580169106?mod=article_inline</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Contrary point of view:<br /><br /><span style="color: #3d85c6;"><a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/genetic-scoring-presents-opportunity-peril-11580762369">https://www.wsj.com/articles/genetic-scoring-presents-opportunity-peril-11580762369</a> </span></span></span></div>
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Tom Merlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09948201337303721158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27720304.post-42318548729419729772020-01-16T12:18:00.001-08:002020-01-16T14:01:48.042-08:00Conversations with Colemen<div class="style-scope ytd-watch-flexy" id="player" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-family: roboto, arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;">
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<a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string" href="https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=%23racism" spellcheck="false" style="background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block;">#racism</a><span style="background-color: transparent;"> </span><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string" href="https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=%23religion" spellcheck="false" style="background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block;">#religion</a><span style="background-color: transparent;"> </span><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string" href="https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=%23politics" spellcheck="false" style="background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block;">#politics</a><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent;">Has Anti-Racism Become A New Religion? | John McWhorter</span><br />
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<span class="style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer" id="dot" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px 4px; padding: 0px;">•</span><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer" style="word-break: break-word;">Premiered 23 hours ago</yt-formatted-string></div>
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<yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-video-owner-renderer" id="owner-sub-count" style="line-height: 1.8rem; margin-right: 4px;">4.7K subscribers</yt-formatted-string><span class="date style-scope ytd-video-secondary-info-renderer" slot="date" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></span></div>
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<ytd-subscribe-button-renderer class="style-scope ytd-video-secondary-info-renderer" style="--yt-formatted-string-deemphasize-color: #fff; --yt-formatted-string-deemphasize_-_display: initial; --yt-formatted-string-deemphasize_-_margin-left: 4px; display: flex; flex-direction: row;" use-keyboard-focused=""><paper-button animated="" aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Subscribe to Coleman Hughes. 4.7K subscribers" class="style-scope ytd-subscribe-button-renderer" elevation="0" noink="" role="button" style="border-radius: 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.007px; line-height: inherit; margin: auto; min-width: 5.14em; outline-width: 0px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; transition: all 0.28s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) 0s; white-space: nowrap; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-subscribe-button-renderer"><span style="font-size: small;">SUBSCRIBE</span></yt-formatted-string></paper-button></ytd-subscribe-button-renderer></div>
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<div class="style-scope ytd-expander" id="content" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-height: var(--ytd-expander-collapsed-height); min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<div class="style-scope ytd-video-secondary-info-renderer" id="description" slot="content" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: 615px; padding: 0px;">
<yt-formatted-string class="content style-scope ytd-video-secondary-info-renderer" force-default-style="" split-lines="" style="color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">In this episode, Coleman talks to John McWhorter, an American academic and linguist, on the notion of anti-racism, the Alex McNab saga, religion and more. </yt-formatted-string></div>
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For entire exchange: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPiNiTwf5bM">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPiNiTwf5bM</a>Tom Merlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09948201337303721158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27720304.post-34966265984024895822020-01-16T11:44:00.002-08:002020-01-16T11:44:30.566-08:00Interview with the Author of the Essay that Follows<br />
<br />
<header class="entry-header" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #191919; font-family: "Libre Baskerville", Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="entry-date" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: 0.6875rem; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Published on <a href="https://quillette.com/2017/02/23/on-meaning-identity-politics-and-bias-in-the-academy-an-interview-with-clay-routledge/" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #191919; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">February 23, 2017</a></div>
<h1 class="entry-title" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-size: 2.625rem; font-weight: normal; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 15px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;">
On Meaning, Identity Politics and Bias in the Academy — An Interview with Clay Routledge</h1>
<div class="entry-author" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Karla, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8125rem; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 25px; vertical-align: baseline;">
written by <a href="https://quillette.com/author/clairelehmann/" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #191919; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="All posts by Claire Lehmann">Claire Lehmann</a></div>
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<a href="https://quillette.com/2017/02/23/on-meaning-identity-politics-and-bias-in-the-academy-an-interview-with-clay-routledge/" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #191919; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Permalink to On Meaning, Identity Politics and Bias in the Academy — An Interview with Clay Routledge"><img alt="" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image jetpack-lazy-image jetpack-lazy-image--handled" data-lazy-loaded="1" height="800" sizes="(max-width: 1260px) 100vw, 1260px" src="https://d24fkeqntp1r7r.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/09044000/33.jpg" srcset="https://d24fkeqntp1r7r.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/09044000/33.jpg 1260w, https://d24fkeqntp1r7r.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/09044000/33.jpg 300w, https://d24fkeqntp1r7r.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/09044000/33.jpg 768w, https://d24fkeqntp1r7r.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/09044000/33.jpg 1024w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="1260" /></a></div>
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<em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Meet Clay Routledge, a social psychologist and Professor of Psychology at North Dakota State University. Professor Routledge studies such things as intergroup relations and how people create meaning in their lives. He has over 90 scholarly papers and has authored the book<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><a href="http://amzn.to/2le8Ute" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">“Nostalgia: A Psychological Resource</a>.”</em></div>
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<em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">I discovered Professor Routledge on Twitter, where he tweets interesting observations about the state of orthodoxy on campus and in the broader culture. I thought it would be useful to capture some of his insights in a more in-depth form — what follows is an interview with Professor Routledge for Quillette.</em></div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hi Clay, thanks for chatting to <em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Quillette. </em>Before we get into other topics, what do you research and how did you become interested in that area?</strong></div>
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<img class="alignright wp-image-74750 size-medium jetpack-lazy-image jetpack-lazy-image--handled" data-lazy-loaded="1" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" src="https://i2.wp.com/d24fkeqntp1r7r.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/09044003/Clay-300x300.jpeg?resize=300%2C300" srcset="https://d24fkeqntp1r7r.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/09044003/Clay.jpeg 300w, https://d24fkeqntp1r7r.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/09044003/Clay.jpeg 150w, https://d24fkeqntp1r7r.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/09044003/Clay.jpeg 120w, https://d24fkeqntp1r7r.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/09044003/Clay.jpeg 512w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; float: right; height: auto; margin: 10px 0px 20px 30px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="300" />I mainly study psychological motives. And much of my work is on the meaning motive. A considerable amount of empirical research indicates that perceiving one’s life as meaningful is important for psychological, social, and physical health. People who feel meaningful are happier, more motivated, more productive, less vulnerable to mental illness, better able to cope with loss and failure, and quicker to recover from physical illness. Meaning also reduces the risk of mortality. So finding and maintaining a sense of meaning is of great value. However, life is full of experiences that threaten perceptions of meaning. In addition, as a result of our advanced cognitive capacities, humans are able to ponder existential questions and run mental simulations that can generate anxiety and a sense of meaninglessness.</div>
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My research indicates that when meaning is under threat or people are questioning it, they invest in social bonds, personal goals, or cultural beliefs to regulate existential anxiety. These compensatory responses restore a sense of meaning and overall wellbeing.</div>
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I became interested in this area during my first year of graduate school. I had just started a PhD program in psychology when the 9/11 terrorist attacks occurred. I wondered, how could people methodically plan and execute an attack that involved them purposefully dying? Like all animals, humans are motivated to survive. But humans are also unique in that we are aware of the inevitability of death. We know that we cannot live forever. Therefore, we engage in efforts to feel like we are part of something larger and longer lasting than our finite existence. For some, this involves a religious faith, and often one that promises some form of life after death. Even beyond religion, people seek enduring meaning. This could mean trying to create a lasting work of art or cultural contribution, make an important scientific contribution, or raise children in order to preserve your family line and name. Most of the time, our efforts to find enduring meaning do not contradict our efforts to stay alive. But suicide terrorism and other extreme examples reveal that on occasion people’s motive to survive and motive to have transcendent meaning can conflict and cause great harm to the self and others. Like I said, I had just started a PhD program in psychology so I decided to focus my interest on psychological motives as well as ideology, intergroup relations, and social conflict.</div>
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Tom Merlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09948201337303721158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27720304.post-10905118984825362352020-01-16T11:24:00.003-08:002020-02-05T10:51:00.636-08:00Meaning Matters<br />
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written by <a href="https://quillette.com/author/clay-routledge/" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #191919; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="All posts by Clay Routledge">Clay Routledge</a></div>
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<a href="https://quillette.com/2019/04/26/meaning-matters/" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #191919; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Permalink to Meaning Matters"><img alt="" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image jetpack-lazy-image jetpack-lazy-image--handled" data-lazy-loaded="1" height="800" sizes="(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" src="https://d24fkeqntp1r7r.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/25163010/greg-rakozy-38802-unsplash.jpg" srcset="https://d24fkeqntp1r7r.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/25163010/greg-rakozy-38802-unsplash.jpg 1200w, https://d24fkeqntp1r7r.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/25163010/greg-rakozy-38802-unsplash.jpg 300w, https://d24fkeqntp1r7r.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/25163010/greg-rakozy-38802-unsplash.jpg 768w, https://d24fkeqntp1r7r.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/25163010/greg-rakozy-38802-unsplash.jpg 1024w, https://d24fkeqntp1r7r.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/25163010/greg-rakozy-38802-unsplash.jpg 840w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="1200" /></a></div>
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Everyone seems to be talking about meaning at the moment. Many appreciate that our lives need some kind of existential structure—cultural worldviews, social roles, and goals that give us purpose. Some speculate that we are suffering a crisis of meaning in the modern Western world for a variety of reasons including increased social alienation, automation, and the decline of religion. Others believe that meaning comes from within the individual, that we can abandon traditional beliefs, duties, and attachments and fashion our own existential framework. Some argue that meaning isn’t really that important at all and that we should instead focus solely on practical concerns such as physical health, economics, education, and the environment. As a behavioral scientist who has spent nearly two decades conducting research in existential psychology, I have some thoughts on why we should care about meaning and how modern life challenges our search for it.<br />
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<a href="https://quillette.com/2019/04/26/meaning-matters/" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;">https://quillette.com/2019/04/26/meaning-matters/</a></div>
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Tom Merlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09948201337303721158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27720304.post-85884224125405073582019-12-26T22:21:00.001-08:002019-12-26T23:36:52.834-08:00Taking Sex Differences in Personality Seriously<br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #323232; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: x-large;">New approaches are shedding light on the magnitude of sex differences in personality, and the results are so strong and pervasive that they can no longer be ignored</span>
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Few topics in psychology are more controversial than sex differences [1]. Debates can be classified into <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marco_Del_Giudice/publication/329701788_Measuring_Sex_Differences_and_Similarities/links/5ca2c505a6fdccab2f67c2ef/Measuring-Sex-Differences-and-Similarities.pdf" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(101, 101, 101); box-sizing: inherit; color: #656565; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none;">two main types</a>: (a) The <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">description of sex differences</em>, including both the size and variability of sex differences across a multitude of physical and psychological traits, and (b) The <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">origins and development of sex differences</em>, including the complex interplay between social, cultural, genetic, and biological factors that influence sex differences.</div>
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These lines often get blurred. Researchers who emphasize sociocultural factors in their research tend to conceptualize sex differences as small and worry that if we exaggerate the differences, then all hell will break loose in society. On the other side, those who emphasize biological influences tend to emphasize how differences in personality and behavior can be quite large.</div>
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I believe that this blurring between the <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">descriptive</em> and the <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">explanatory</em> levels of analysis has stunted the field and distorted public debates over these complex and sensitive issues. In order to make real long-lasting changes that actually have an effect on desired outcomes, our knowledge of the truth needs to be as clear as possible.</div>
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In this article I will focus on the personality domain, which has made some truly fascinating advances in only the past few years. I will argue that while the science still has a long way to go to fully flesh out the complex interplay of nature and nurture in creating these differences, it's nevertheless time to take sex differences in personality seriously.</div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Male and Female Personalities</strong></div>
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A large number of well done studies have painted a rather consistent picture of sex differences in personality that are strikingly consistent across cultures (see <a href="http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marco_Del_Giudice/publication/329701788_Measuring_Sex_Differences_and_Similarities/links/5ca2c505a6fdccab2f67c2ef/Measuring-Sex-Differences-and-Similarities.pdf" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(101, 101, 101); box-sizing: inherit; color: #656565; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none;">here</a>, <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00320.x" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(101, 101, 101); box-sizing: inherit; color: #656565; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none;">here</a>, and <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-008-9380-7" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(101, 101, 101); box-sizing: inherit; color: #656565; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none;">here</a>). It turns out that the most pervasive sex differences are seen at the "narrow" level of personality traits, not the "broad" level (see <a href="http://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00178/full#B38" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(101, 101, 101); box-sizing: inherit; color: #656565; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none;">here</a> for a great example of this basic pattern).</div>
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At the broad level, we have traits such as extraversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness. But when you look at the specific <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">facets</em> of each of these broad factors, you realize that there are some traits that males score higher on (on average), and some traits that females score higher on (on average), so the differences cancel each other out. This canceling out gives the appearance that sex differences in personality don't exist when in reality they <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">very much do exist.</em></div>
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For instance, males and females <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">on average</em> don't differ much on extraversion. However, at the narrow level, you can see that males on average are more assertive (an aspect of extraversion) whereas females on average are more sociable and friendly (another aspect of extraversion). So what does the overall picture look like for males and females <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">on average </em>when going deeper than the broad level of personality?</div>
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<em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">On average,</em> males tend to be more dominant, assertive, risk-prone, thrill-seeking, tough-minded, emotionally stable, utilitarian, and open to abstract ideas. Males also tend to score higher on <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18851768" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(101, 101, 101); box-sizing: inherit; color: #656565; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none;">self-estimates of intelligence</a>, even though <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Factor-Science-Evolution-Behavior-Intelligence/dp/0275961036/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=g+factor&qid=1575822534&sr=8-1" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(101, 101, 101); box-sizing: inherit; color: #656565; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none;">sex differences in general intelligence measured as an ability are negligible</a> [2]. Men also tend to form larger, competitive groups in which hierarchies tend to be stable and in which individual relationships tend to require little emotional investment. In terms of communication style, males tend to use more assertive speech and are more likely to interrupt people (both men and women) more often-- especially <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">intrusive </em>interruptions-- which can be interpreted as a form of dominant behavior.</div>
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Of course, there are many men who <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">don't</em> display high levels of all of these traits. But that fact doesn't contradict the broader pattern. For instance, I can recognize that I am a man who has quite a mix of extremely masculine and extremely feminine personality traits <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">and also recognize</em> that my own personal experience doesn't invalidate the generalizable findings. Which is why I will keep italicizing <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">on average </em>to emphasize that point.</div>
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In contrast, females, <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">on average</em>, tend to be more sociable, sensitive, warm, compassionate, polite, anxious, self-doubting, and more open to aesthetics. <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">On average</em>, women are more interested in intimate, cooperative dyadic relationships that are more emotion-focused and characterized by unstable hierarchies and strong egalitarian norms. Where aggression does arise, it tends to be more indirect and less openly confrontational. Females<em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </em>also tend to display better communication skills, displaying higher verbal ability and the ability to decode other people's nonverbal behavior. Women also tend to use more affiliative and tentative speech in their language, and tend to be more expressive in both their facial expressions and bodily language (although men tend to adopt a more expansive, open posture). <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">On average</em>, women also tend to smile and <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ad_Vingerhoets/publication/254081226_Culture_and_Crying/links/5811fba108ae8b130d0bd25f/Culture-and-Crying.pdf" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(101, 101, 101); box-sizing: inherit; color: #656565; outline: none !important; text-decoration-line: none;">cry more frequently than men</a>, although these effects are <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">very contextual </em>and the differences are substantially larger when males and females believe they are being observed than when they believe they are alone.<br />
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Read more here: <a href="https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/beautiful-minds/taking-sex-differences-in-personality-seriously/" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 1rem;">https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/beautiful-minds/taking-sex-differences-in-personality-seriously/</a></div>
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Tom Merlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09948201337303721158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27720304.post-3843969952692504542019-11-27T09:14:00.000-08:002020-02-19T14:19:27.185-08:00Nature/Nuture<div data-module-name="article-badge-bar" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 12px;">
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Genes, Gender Inequality, and Educational Attainment</h1>
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Women’s opportunities have been profoundly altered over the past century by reductions in the social and structural constraints that limit women’s educational attainment. Do social constraints manifest as a suppressing influence on genetic indicators of potential, and if so, did equalizing opportunity mean equalizing the role of genetics? We address this with three cohort studies: the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS; birth years 1939 to 1940), the Health and Retirement Study, and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health; birth years 1975 to 1982). These studies include a “polygenic score” for educational attainment, providing a novel opportunity to explore this question. We find that within the WLS cohort, the relationship between genetics and educational outcomes is weaker for women than for men. However, as opportunities changed in the 1970s and 1980s, and many middle-aged women went back to school, the relationship between genetic factors and education strengthened for women as they aged. Furthermore, utilizing the HRS and Add Health, we find that as constraints limiting women’s educational attainment declined, gender differences in the relationship between genetics and educational outcomes weakened. We demonstrate that genetic influence must be understood through the lens of historical change, the life course, and social structures like gender.</div>
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Tom Merlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09948201337303721158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27720304.post-46237649308423707712019-11-26T19:32:00.001-08:002020-04-05T17:56:18.958-07:00The heritability of self-control: A meta-analysis<div class="Publication" id="publication" style="-webkit-box-pack: justify; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(235, 235, 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; display: flex; font-family: NexusSans, Arial, Helvetica, "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; justify-content: space-between; margin: 0px 0px 8px; min-height: 106px; padding: 0px 0px 12px; width: 610.5px;">
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color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><span class="content" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="text given-name" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">N.</span><span class="text surname" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Boesen</span><span class="author-ref" id="baff0005" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span></span></span></a><a class="author size-m workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763418307905#!" name="baut0015" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><span class="content" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="text given-name" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">J.</span><span class="text surname" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Li</span><span class="author-ref" id="baff0020" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">d</span></span><span class="author-ref" id="baff0025" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">e</span></span></span></a><a class="author size-m workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763418307905#!" name="baut0020" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><span class="content" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="text given-name" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">C.</span><span class="text surname" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Finkenauer</span><span class="author-ref" id="baff0005" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span></span><span class="author-ref" id="baff0015" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">c</span></span></span></a><span class="content" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="author size-m workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763418307905#!" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><span class="text given-name" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">M.</span><span class="text surname" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Bartels</span><span class="author-ref" id="baff0005" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span></span><span class="author-ref" id="baff0010" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">b</span></span><span class="author-ref" id="baff0030" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">f</span></span></a></span></div>
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<div class="Abstracts u-font-serif" id="abstracts" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; font-family: NexusSerif, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Arial Unicode MS", serif !important; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<div class="abstract author-highlights" id="abs0005" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 8px; max-width: 680px; padding: 32px;">
<h2 class="section-title u-h3 u-margin-l-top u-margin-xs-bottom" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #505050; font-size: 1.2rem !important; font-weight: 400 !important; line-height: 1.333 !important; margin-bottom: 8px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; padding: 0px;">
Highlights</h2>
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<dt class="list-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: left; float: left; margin: 0px 2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">•</dt>
<dd class="list-description" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"><div id="par0005" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">
The present <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/meta-analysis" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;" title="Learn more about Meta-Analysis from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">meta-analysis</a> synthesized 31 twin studies.</div>
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<dt class="list-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: left; float: left; margin: 0px 2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">•</dt>
<dd class="list-description" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"><div id="par0010" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">
Genes significantly contribute to differences in self-control: the overall <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/heritability" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;" title="Learn more about Heritability from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">heritability</a> is 60%.</div>
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<dt class="list-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: left; float: left; margin: 0px 2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">•</dt>
<dd class="list-description" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"><div id="par0015" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">
The heritability is the same for boys and girls, and across age.</div>
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<dd class="list-description" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"><div id="par0020" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">
The heritability is different across informants.</div>
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<dt class="list-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: left; float: left; margin: 0px 2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">•</dt>
<dd class="list-description" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"><div id="par0025" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">
Considering genetic influences is key when investigating self-control.</div>
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<div class="abstract author" id="abs0010" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;">
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ABSTRACT<br />
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Self-control is the ability to control one’s impulses when faced with challenges or temptations, and is robustly associated with physiological and psychological well-being. Twin studies show that self-control is heritable, but estimates range between 0% and 90%, making it difficult to draw firm conclusions. The aim of this study was to perform a meta-analysis to provide a quantitative overview of the heritability of self-control. A systematic search resulted in 31 included studies, 17 reporting on individual samples, based on a sample size of 30,000 twins, published between 1997 and 2018. Our results revealed an overall monozygotic twin correlation of 0.58, and an overall dizygotic twin correlation of 0.28, resulting in a heritability estimate of 60%. The heritability of self-control did not vary across gender or age. The heritability did differ across informants, with stronger heritability estimates based on parent report versus self-report or observations. This finding provides evidence that when aiming to understand individual differences in self-control, one should take genetic factors into account. </div>
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Tom Merlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09948201337303721158noreply@blogger.com0